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Clinical Pathology > Core Microbiology - Childhood Viral Infections (6) > Flashcards

Core Microbiology - Childhood Viral Infections (6) Flashcards

(180 cards)

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1
Q

Notifiable diseases

A
  • Acute meningitis
  • Acute poliomyelitis
  • Measles
  • Mumps
  • Rubella
  • Smallpox
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2
Q

Notifiable diseases

A
  • Acute meningitis
  • Acute poliomyelitis
  • Measles
  • Mumps
  • Rubella
  • Smallpox
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3
Q

IgM produced

A

In acute infection

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4
Q

IgG produced

A

In long term immunity

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5
Q

IgA produced

A

In breast milk - maternal antibody

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6
Q

Child with a rash

A

Parvovirus, measles, Chickenpox, Rubella, Non-polio enterovirus infection, EBV (ampicillin), Staph. aureus, N. meningitidis

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7
Q

What virus causes measles?

A

Paramyxovirus (enveloped single stranded RNA virus)

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8
Q

Measles transmission

A

Person to person, droplet spread

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9
Q

Measles infectivity

A

From start of first symptoms - 4 days before rash > 4 days after rash

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10
Q

Measles incubation

A

7-18 days (average 10-12)

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11
Q

Measles natural host

A

Only humans

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12
Q

Clinical features of measles - 3 C’s

A

Conjunctivits, coryza (rhinitis) and cough

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13
Q

Clinical features of measles

A

Fever, malaise, conjunctivitis, coryza, cough, rash (eryhematous, macuopapular, head and trunk), Koplik’s spots (1-2 days before rash - mouth)

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14
Q

Complications of measles

A

Otitis media, pneumonia, diarrhoea, acute encephalitis

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15
Q

Rare complications of measles

A

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) - brain disorder - fatal

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16
Q

Death in measles

A

Highest in

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17
Q

Diagnosis of measles

A

Clinical, leukopenia, oral fluid sample, serology

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18
Q

Prevention of measles

A

Live MMR vaccine - 1 year/pre-school, human normal, Ig

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19
Q

Chicken pox virus

A

Varicella Zoster virus/Herpes virus (DNA)

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20
Q

Transmission of chicken pox

A

Respiratory spread/personal contact (15 mins)

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21
Q

Incubation period of chicken pox

A

14-15 days

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22
Q

Infectivity of chicken pox

A

2 days before onset of rash until after vesicles dry up

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23
Q

Clinical features of chicken pox

A

Fever, malaise, anorexia, rash

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24
Q

Chicken pox rash

A

Centripetal (trunk and face)

Macular > papular > vesicular > pustular

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25
Complications of chicken pox
Pneumonitis (risk increased for smoker), CNS involvement, thrombocytopenic purpura, foetal varicella syndrome, congenital varicella, zoster
26
Diagnosis of chicken pox
Clinical/PCR - vesicle fluid/CSF
27
Serology of chicken pox
Immunity, IgG in pregnant women
28
Treatment of chicken pox
Aciclovir and cholrpheiramine (relieve itch)
29
Who gets treatment for chicken pox?
Symptomatic adults and immunocompromised children
30
Prevention of chicken pox
Live vaccine (USA/Japan), VZ immunoglobulin (VZIG)
31
Rubella (the third disease) virus
Togavirus, RNA virus
32
Rubella Transmission
Droplet spread (air-bourne), less contagious
33
Incubation period Rubella
14-21 days
34
Clinical features of Rubella
Lymphadenopathy (post-auricular, suboccipital), rash, fever, tiredness, aching joints (50% asymptomatic)
35
Rubella rash
Non-specific, erythematous, behind ears and face and neck
36
Complications of Rubella
Thrombocytopenia, post infectious encephalitis, arthritis
37
Rubella in pregnancy/Congenital Rubella syndrome (CRS)
Cataracts, deafness, cardiac abnormalities, microcephaly, retardation of intra-uterine growth, inflammatory lesions of brain, liver, lungs and bone marrow
38
Diagnosis of Rubella
Oral fluid testing/serology (IgM/G)
39
Prevention
- Ig given to pregnant exposed women | - Vaccine (MMR)
40
Erythema infectiosum/slapped cheek/fifth disease virus
Parvovirus B19 (DNA)
41
Transmission of Erythema infectiosum
Respiratory secretions, mother > child
42
Erythema infectiosum incubation period
4-14 days
43
Erythema infectiosum clinical
Minor respiratory, rash (slapped cheek), arthralgia, aplastic anaemia (20% asymptomatic)
44
Erythema infectiosum foetal presentation
Anaemia and hydrops (accumulation of fluid)
45
Diagnosis of Parvovirus
Serology IgM/G, amniotic fluid sampling, PCR (immunocompromised)
46
Treatment of Erythema infectiosum
None/blood transfusion
47
Enteroviral infections
Coxsackie, entero, echoviral infections
48
Prevalence of enteroviral infections
In under 5s
49
Enteroviral infections transmission
Faecal-oral and skin contact
50
Enteroviral infections clinical presentation
90% asymptomatic, hand, foot and mouth rash, meningitis
51
Child with respiratory symptoms
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus - Parainfluenza - Influenza - Adenovirus - Metapneumovirus - Rhinovirus
52
RSV virus
Pneumovirus
53
RSV bronchiolitis
54
RSV diagnosis
PCR - secretions from nasopharyngeal aspirate
55
RSV treatment
O2, manage fever and fluid intake, Palivizumab - Ig/monoclonal abs
56
Metapneumovirus virus
Paramyoxvirus
57
Metapneumovirus age
5 yrs
58
Metapneumovirus clinical
Similar RSV, mild upper respiratory tract infection > pnuemonia
59
Metapneumovirus diagnosis
PCR
60
Adenovirus incidence
10% childhood respiratory infection
61
Adenovirus clinical presentation
Mild URTI, conjunctivitis, diarrhoea
62
Adenovirus diagnosis
PCR (eye swab/resp), serology
63
Adenovirus treatment
Cidofovir for immunocomproised
64
Parainfluenza virus
Paramyxovirus (4 types)
65
Parainfluenza transmission
Person to person - inhalation
66
Parainfluenza clinical presentation
Croup, bronchiolitis, URTI
67
Parainfluenza diagnosis
Multiplexed PCR
68
Common cold
Rhinovirus
69
Child with diarrhoea
Rotavirus or Norovirus
70
Rotavirus virus
Reovirus (RNA)
71
Rotavirus tranmission
Facecal-oral (respiratory), low infective dose
72
Rotavirus incubation period
1-2 days
73
Rotavirus epidemiology
Seasonal UK (winter/spring), worldwide, 440,000 deaths/yr
74
Rotavirus clincial presentation
Diarrhoea, vomiting (6 months - 2 years)
75
Rotavirus diagnosis
PCR
76
Rotavirus treatment
Rehydration
77
Rotavirus prevention
Oral live vaccine - 2 and 3 months
78
Winter vomiting bug
Norovirus
79
Norovirus transmission
Foodborne, person to person spread
80
Norovirus diagnosis
PCR
81
Norovirus treatment
Rehydration
82
Mumps virus
Paramyxoviridae family
83
Mumps tranmission
Direct contact, droplet spread, fomites
84
Mumps infectivity
Several days before partoid swelling > several days after
85
Mumps incubation
2-4 weeks (mostly 16-18 days)
86
Mumps clinical presentation
Low-grade fever, anorexia, malaise, headache, pyrexia
87
Mumps clinical presentation next 24 hours
Earache, tenderness over ipsilateral parotid
88
Mumps clinical presentation next 2-3 days
Gradually enlarging parotid with severe pain
89
Mumps rare clinical presentation
Submandibular/lingual sialadenitis, epidiymo-orchitis, oophoritis, meningitis, encephalitis, renal function abnormalities (mild), pancreatitis
90
Mumps diagnosis
Raised serum amylase, normally clincal, serology (blood/saliva), PCR
91
Neonatal/congenital infection
- VZV - Rubella - CMV (growth retardation, deafness, blindess) - Toxoplasma (chorioretintis, hydrocephaly) - HSV (congenital/perinatal - severe neonatal disease) - HBV - HIV
92
IgM produced
In acute infection
93
IgG produced
In long term immunity
94
IgA produced
In breast milk - maternal antibody
95
Child with a rash
Parvovirus, measles, Chickenpox, Rubella, Non-polio enterovirus infection, EBV (ampicillin), Staph. aureus, N. meningitidis
96
What virus causes measles?
Paramyxovirus (enveloped single stranded RNA virus)
97
Measles transmission
Person to person, droplet spread
98
Measles infectivity
From start of first symptoms - 4 days before rash > 4 days after rash
99
Measles incubation
7-18 days (average 10-12)
100
Measles natural host
Only humans
101
Clinical features of measles - 3 C's
Conjunctivits, coryza (rhinitis) and cough
102
Clinical features of measles
Fever, malaise, conjunctivitis, coryza, cough, rash (eryhematous, macuopapular, head and trunk), Koplik's spots (1-2 days before rash - mouth)
103
Complications of measles
Otitis media, pneumonia, diarrhoea, acute encephalitis
104
Rare complications of measles
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) - brain disorder - fatal
105
Death in measles
Highest in
106
Diagnosis of measles
Clinical, leukopenia, oral fluid sample, serology
107
Prevention of measles
Live MMR vaccine - 1 year/pre-school, human normal, Ig
108
Chicken pox virus
Varicella Zoster virus/Herpes virus (DNA)
109
Transmission of chicken pox
Respiratory spread/personal contact (15 mins)
110
Incubation period of chicken pox
14-15 days
111
Infectivity of chicken pox
2 days before onset of rash until after vesicles dry up
112
Clinical features of chicken pox
Fever, malaise, anorexia, rash
113
Chicken pox rash
Centripetal (trunk and face) | Macular > papular > vesicular > pustular
114
Complications of chicken pox
Pneumonitis (risk increased for smoker), CNS involvement, thrombocytopenic purpura, foetal varicella syndrome, congenital varicella, zoster
115
Diagnosis of chicken pox
Clinical/PCR - vesicle fluid/CSF
116
Serology of chicken pox
Immunity, IgG in pregnant women
117
Treatment of chicken pox
Aciclovir and cholrpheiramine (relieve itch)
118
Who gets treatment for chicken pox?
Symptomatic adults and immunocompromised children
119
Prevention of chicken pox
Live vaccine (USA/Japan), VZ immunoglobulin (VZIG)
120
Rubella (the third disease) virus
Togavirus, RNA virus
121
Rubella Transmission
Droplet spread (air-bourne), less contagious
122
Incubation period Rubella
14-21 days
123
Clinical features of Rubella
Lymphadenopathy (post-auricular, suboccipital), rash, fever, tiredness, aching joints (50% asymptomatic)
124
Rubella rash
Non-specific, erythematous, behind ears and face and neck
125
Complications of Rubella
Thrombocytopenia, post infectious encephalitis, arthritis
126
Rubella in pregnancy/Congenital Rubella syndrome (CRS)
Cataracts, deafness, cardiac abnormalities, microcephaly, retardation of intra-uterine growth, inflammatory lesions of brain, liver, lungs and bone marrow
127
Diagnosis of Rubella
Oral fluid testing/serology (IgM/G)
128
Prevention
- Ig given to pregnant exposed women | - Vaccine (MMR)
129
Erythema infectiosum/slapped cheek/fifth disease virus
Parvovirus B19 (DNA)
130
Transmission of Erythema infectiosum
Respiratory secretions, mother > child
131
Erythema infectiosum incubation period
4-14 days
132
Erythema infectiosum clinical
Minor respiratory, rash (slapped cheek), arthralgia, aplastic anaemia (20% asymptomatic)
133
Erythema infectiosum foetal presentation
Anaemia and hydrops (accumulation of fluid)
134
Diagnosis of Parvovirus
Serology IgM/G, amniotic fluid sampling, PCR (immunocompromised)
135
Treatment of Erythema infectiosum
None/blood transfusion
136
Enteroviral infections
Coxsackie, entero, echoviral infections
137
Prevalence of enteroviral infections
In under 5s
138
Enteroviral infections transmission
Faecal-oral and skin contact
139
Enteroviral infections clinical presentation
90% asymptomatic, hand, foot and mouth rash, meningitis
140
Child with respiratory symptoms
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus - Parainfluenza - Influenza - Adenovirus - Metapneumovirus - Rhinovirus
141
RSV virus
Pneumovirus
142
RSV bronchiolitis
Below 1, annual winter epidemic, 4-6 days incubation
143
RSV diagnosis
PCR - secretions from nasopharyngeal aspirate
144
RSV treatment
O2, manage fever and fluid intake, Palivizumab - Ig/monoclonal abs
145
Metapneumovirus virus
Paramyoxvirus
146
Metapneumovirus age
5 yrs
147
Metapneumovirus clinical
Similar RSV, mild upper respiratory tract infection > pnuemonia
148
Metapneumovirus diagnosis
PCR
149
Adenovirus incidence
10% childhood respiratory infection
150
Adenovirus clinical presentation
Mild URTI, conjunctivitis, diarrhoea
151
Adenovirus diagnosis
PCR (eye swab/resp), serology
152
Adenovirus treatment
Cidofovir for immunocomproised
153
Parainfluenza virus
Paramyxovirus (4 types)
154
Parainfluenza transmission
Person to person - inhalation
155
Parainfluenza clinical presentation
Croup, bronchiolitis, URTI
156
Parainfluenza diagnosis
Multiplexed PCR
157
Common cold
Rhinovirus
158
Child with diarrhoea
Rotavirus or Norovirus
159
Rotavirus virus
Reovirus (RNA)
160
Rotavirus tranmission
Facecal-oral (respiratory), low infective dose
161
Rotavirus incubation period
1-2 days
162
Rotavirus epidemiology
Seasonal UK (winter/spring), worldwide, 440,000 deaths/yr
163
Rotavirus clincial presentation
Diarrhoea, vomiting (6 months - 2 years)
164
Rotavirus diagnosis
PCR
165
Rotavirus treatment
Rehydration
166
Rotavirus prevention
Oral live vaccine - 2 and 3 months
167
Winter vomiting bug
Norovirus
168
Norovirus transmission
Foodborne, person to person spread
169
Norovirus diagnosis
PCR
170
Norovirus treatment
Rehydration
171
Mumps virus
Paramyxoviridae family
172
Mumps tranmission
Direct contact, droplet spread, fomites
173
Mumps infectivity
Several days before partoid swelling > several days after
174
Mumps incubation
2-4 weeks (mostly 16-18 days)
175
Mumps clinical presentation
Low-grade fever, anorexia, malaise, headache, pyrexia
176
Mumps clinical presentation next 24 hours
Earache, tenderness over ipsilateral parotid
177
Mumps clinical presentation next 2-3 days
Gradually enlarging parotid with severe pain
178
Mumps rare clinical presentation
Submandibular/lingual sialadenitis, epidiymo-orchitis, oophoritis, meningitis, encephalitis, renal function abnormalities (mild), pancreatitis
179
Mumps diagnosis
Raised serum amylase, normally clincal, serology (blood/saliva), PCR
180
Neonatal/congenital infection
- VZV - Rubella - CMV (growth retardation, deafness, blindess) - Toxoplasma (chorioretintis, hydrocephaly) - HSV (congenital/perinatal - severe neonatal disease) - HBV - HIV

Clinical Pathology (60 decks)

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