The study of the body is divided into how many sciences?
2
What is the study of body structures and the relation of one part to another?
anatomy
What is the study of how the body works and how the various parts function individually and in relation to each other?
physiology
What imaginary plane divides the body into right and left halves on its vertical access?
sagittal
What planes are drawn perpendicular to the sagittal lines and divide the body into anterior(front) and posterior (rear) sections?
frontal
What plane which is drawn at right angles to both sagittal and frontal planes, divides the body into superior (upper and inferior (lower) sections?
Transverse
To aid in understanding the location of anatomical structures, a standard body positions called what is used as the point of reference?
Anatomical position
What involves the physical and chemical breakdown of food into its simplest forms?
digestion
What is the process of absorption, storage, and use of foods for body growth, maintenance and repair?
Metabolism
What is the body’s self regulated control of its internal environment?
Homeostasis
What is the beginning level of the organization of the body?
Chemical level
What consist of chemical structures organized within larger units (cells) to perform a specific function?
Organelles
What consist of the smallest and most numerous structural unit that possess and exhibits the basic characteristics of living matter?
cells
What are a group of many similar cells that all develop together from the same part of an embryo and all perform a certain function?
Tissues
What is defined as a structure made up of several different kinds of tissues arranged so that, together, they can perform a special function?
Organ
What are the most complex of the organizational units of the body?
Systems
There are how many major systems that make up the human body?
11
What are a collections of interactive parts that are capable of surviving in hostile environments, with the ability to reproduce and repair damaged parts?
Organisms
A typical cell is made up of the plasma membrane, the nucleus, and what else?
Cytoplasm
What is a small, dense, usually spherical body that controls the chemical reactions occurring in the cell?
Nucleus
Every human cell contains how many chromosomes?
46
Tissues are classified into four main groups: epithelial, connective, muscular and what else?
Nervous
The lining tissue of the body is called what?
Epithelium
What tissue is composed of a single layer of cells whose nuclei are located at the same level as the nuclei in their neighboring cells?
columnar
In the digestive system, the chief function of columnar tissue is the secretion of digestive fluids and the absorption of nutrients from digested foods, In certain areas (such as the nostrils, bronchial tubes, and trachea), this tissue has a crown of microscopic hair lie processes mown as what?
cilia
What tissue is composed of thin plate-like or scale like cells forming a mosaic pattern?
Squamous epithelial
What tissue is the main protective of the body?
Squamous
In the kidneys, what tissue functions in the secretion and absorption of fluids?
cuboidal
What tissue is highly vascular, surrounds other cells, encases internal organs, sheathes muscles, wraps bones, encloses joints, and provides the supporting framework of the body?
Connective
What tissue consists of a meshwork of thin fibers that interlace in all directions, giving the tissue both elasticity and tensile strength?
Arreolar
What tissue is fatty tissue?
adipose
What type of tissue, known as “bone tissue” is dense fibrous connective tissue that forms tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and bones?
Osseous connective
What tissue provides for all body movement?
muscular
the three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, smooth, and what else?
Cardiac
What tissue is the most complex tissue in the body?
nerve
The basic cell of the nerve tissue is the what?
Neuron
What is the outer skin layer?
epidermis
What is a wide area of connective tissue that contains blood vessels, nerve fibers, smooth muscles and skin appendages?
Dermis
the sin contains two type of nerve fibers, motor and what else?
sensory?
what are a control mechanism to reduce the body’s heat by evaporating water from its surface?
sweat glands
What glands are modify sweat glands found only in the auditory canal?
ceruminous
the skeleton, the bony framework of the body, is composed of how many bones?
206
what is the study of the structure of bone?
osteology
Bone is made up of inorganic mineral salts (calcium and phosphorus being the most prevalent) and an organic substance called what?
ossein
the tin outer membrane surrounding the bone is called the what?
periosteum
when a bone fractures, the pain that is felt comes from what?
periosteum
what is elongated, cylindrical portion (or “shaft”) of the bone that is between the epiphyses (sing.epiphysis) or ends of bone?
Diaphysis
the skull consist of how many bones?
28
the human skeleton is divided into two main divisions, the axial skeleton and what other skeleton?
appendicular
with the exception of the mandible and the bones of the inner ear, all skull bones are joined together firmly along seams. the seams where they join are known as what?
sutures
The cranium is formed by how many major bones, most of which are in pairs?
eight
what bones form the sides and part of the base of the skull in the area of the ear?
temporal
what bone forms the back part of the skull and the base of the cranium?
occipital
what bone is situated in front of the sphenoid bone in the front part of the cranium?
ethmoid
what bone is posterior to the ethmoid bone providing for the front base of the cranium and forming the floor as sides of the orbits?
sphenoid
the facial skeleton consist of how many stationary bones and a mobile lower jawbone (mandible)?
14
what bones form the upper jaw, the anterior roof of the mouth, the floors of the orbits, and the sides and floor of the nasal cavity?
maxillary
The small holes on each side of the nasal opening are called what?
infraorbital foramina
What bones are resposible for the prominence of the cheeks?
zygomatic
What bones provide a pathway for a tube that carries tears from the eye to the nasal cavity?
lacrimal bones
wha bone is connected to the ethmoid bone, and together they form the nasal septum?
vomer bone
the vertbral column consists of how many movable or true vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx or tail bone?
24
what protect the spinal cord and the nerves that branch out from the spinal cord?
vertebrae
At the bottom of the spinal column are the sacrum and the what?
coccyx
what is a hole directly behind the body of the vertebrae that forms the passage for the spinal cord?
vertebral foramen
the spinal column is divided into how many regions?
5
there are how many cervial vertebrae in the neck
7
there are how many vertebrae in the thoracic region?
12
there are how many lumbar vertebrae?
5
the sacrum is the triangular bone immediately below the lumbar vertebrae. It is composed of five seperate vertebrae that gradually fuse together between 18 and how many years of age?
30
what (commonly known as the collar bone) lies nearly horizontally above the first rib and is shaped like a flat letter S?
clavicle
what is the longest bone of the upper extremity and is often called the arm bone?
humerous
there are how many carpal bones, arranged in two rows, forming the wrist?
8
the small bones of the fingers are called what?
phalanges
what bone, commonly known as the hip, is a large, irregularly shaped bone composed of three parts: ilium, ischium and pubis
innominate
what forms the outer prominence of the hip bone?
ilium
the area where the two pubic bones meet is called what?
symphysis pubis
what is the longest bone in the body?
femur
what is a small oval-shaped bone overlying the knee joint?
patella
bones that develop within a tendon are known as what type of bones?
sesamoid
the tarus, or ankle, is formed by how many tarsal bones?
7
the sole and instep of the foot is called the metatarsus and is made up of how many metatarsus bones?
5
what binds various parts of the skeletal system together and enables body parts to move in response to skeletal muscle contractions?
joint
there are six classification of freely moable joints: ball in socket, condyloid, gliding, hinge, pivot, and what else?
saddle
what reach across the joints, from one bone to another and keep the bone stable?
ligaments
when ligaments are torn, the injury is called a what?
sprain
when bones are chipped or broken, the injury is called what?
fracture
joint movements are generally divided into four types,: gliding, angular, rotation and what else?
circumduction
the tmj consists of how many bony parts?
3
the point of fixed attachment of a muscle to bone is called what?
origin
muscles seldom act alone; they usually work in groups held together by sheets of a white fibrous tissue called what?
fascia
a muscle that is relaxing while a prime mover is contracting is called the what?
antagonist
the chemical action of muscle fibers consists of two stages, contraction and what else?
recovery
what is a continual state of partial contraction that gives the muscle firmness?
tonicity
when a muscle dies, it becomes solid and rigid and no longer reacts. This stiffening, which occurs from 10 minutes to several hours after death, is called what?
rigor mortis
there are how many types of muscle tissue?
3
what muscle tissue forms from the bulk of the walls and septa (or partitions) of the heart, as well as the origins of the large blood vessels?
cardiac
what is defined as the process of chewing food in preparation for swallowing and digestion?
mastication
what muscle of the cheeks prevents food from escaping the chewing action of teeth?
buccinator
the area of the external lips where the red mucous membrane ends and normal outside skin of the face begins is known as the what?
vermillion border
what provide the tongue with friction in handling food also act as taste buds?
papillae
the palate forms the roof of the mouth and is divided into how many sections?
2
the salivary glands produce how many pints of saliva daily, which greatly aids in the digestion process?
2 - 3
what is the swallowing of food
deglutition
when what muscle becomes damaged, the result is a sommon condition known as “stiff neck”?
sternocleidomastoid
what is the large triangular muscle that forms the prominent chest muscle?
pectoralis major
what muscle raises the arm and has its origin in the clavicle and the spine of the scapula?
deltoid
what is the prominent muscle on the anterior surface of the upper arm?
biceps brachii
what is a broad, flat muscle that covers aprroximately one- third of the back on each side?
latissimus dorsi
what is a group of four muscles that make up the anterior portion of the thigh?
quadriceps
what adducts the thigh and flexes and medially roatates the leg?
gracilis
what is the longest muscle in the body?
sartorius
what is the primary muscle of respiration, modifying the size of the thorax and abdomen vertically?
diaphragm
what is fluid tissue composed of formed elements suspended in plasma?
blood
total blood volume of the average adult is how many liters?
5-6
Plasma constitutes what percent of whole blood (plasma and cells)?
55
when blood components are separated, the WBC’s and platelet form a thin layer, called the what, between the layers of plasma and RBC’s?
buffy coat
Blood of the average man contains how many red blood cells per cubic millimeter?
5 million
what is the key of the red blood cell’s ability to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide?
hemoglobin
Dark red (venous) blood is the result of hemoglobin combining with what?
carbon dioxide
red blood cells live only about how many days in the body?
100-120
there is only one white cell to every how many red cells?
600
what are important for the protection of the body against disease
leukocytes
thrombocytes are smaller than red blood cells and average about how many per cubic millimeter of blood
250,000
what is an inherited disease characterized by delayed clotting of the blood and consequent difficulty in controlling hemorrhage?
hemophilia
the heart is enclosed in a membranous sac, called the what?
pericardium
the hearts acts as how many interrelated pumps
four
contraction of the heart is called what?
systole
relaxation of the heart is called what>
diastole
the contractions of the heart are stimulated and maintained by the sinoatrial (SA) node, commonly called the what of the heart?
pacemaker
the normal heart rate, or number of contractions is about how many beats per minute?
80
the difference between systolic and diastolic is known as what?
pulse pressure
what form a closed circuit of tubes that transport blood between the heart and body cells?
blood vessels
the blood vessels of the body fall into how many classifications?
3
what carry blood away from the heart to all parts of the body?
arteries
there are approxitemately how many miles of capillaries in the body?
60,000
As the blood passes through the capillaries, it releases oxygen and nutritive substances to the tissues and takes up various waste products to be carried away by what?
Venules
What system is comprised of vessels that collect blood from the capillaries and carry it back to the heart?
venous
what is the largest artery in the body and is a large tube-like structure arising from the left ventricle of the heart?
aorta
there are how many large arteries that arise from the aorta as it arches over the left lung?
three
the three principal venous systems in the body are pulmonary, portal, and what else?
systemic
what is the vein most commonly used for venipunture?
median cubital
All tissues of the body are continuously bathed in what?
Interstitial fluid
Once the interstitial fluid eneters the lymphatic capillaries, the fluid is called what?
Lymph
Lymph nodes, which are frequently called glands but are not true glands, are small bean-shaped bodies of lymphatic tissue found in groups of two to how many along the course of the lymph vessels?
15
What proteins interfere with ability of viruses to cause diseases?
interferon
the memorization and production of antibodies is called what?
active immunity
there are five major types of glia cells, AStrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal cells, Oligodendrocytes, and what other cells?
schwann
What help feed the brain and make up the Blood Brain Barrier
Astrocytes
What enlarge, engulf, and destroy microorganisms and cellular debris?
microglia
what produce the fatty myelin sheth around the nerve fibers in the CNS?
Oligodendrocytes
The structure and functional unit of the nervous system is the nerve cell, or neron, which can be classified into how many types?
three
what is a cordlike bundle of fibers held together with connective tissue?
nerve
the brain has six major divisions, the medulla oblongta, pons, midbrain, diancephalon, cerebrum and the what?
cerebellum
what is the largest and most superioirly situated portion of the brain?
cerebrum
what is concerned chiefly with bringing balance, harmony, and coordination to the motions initiated by the what?
cerebellum
what is the inferior portion of the brain, the last division before the beginning of the spinal cord?
medulla oblongata
the outer surface of the brain and spinal cord is covered with howmany layers of membranes called the meninges?
3
cerebrospinal fluid is formed by a what?
plexus
the total quantity of spinal fluid bathing the spinal cord is about how many ml
75
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of the nerves that branch out from the CNS and connects it to the other parts of the body. The PNS includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves and how many pairs of spinal nerves?
31
what nerve provides the sense of smell?
olfactory
what nerve governs sensation of the forehead and face and the clenching of the jaw?
trigeminal
what nerves transmit sensation from the upper mouth and throat area?
glossopharyngeal
what nerve governs the muscle activity of the tongue?
hypoglossal
There are how many pairs of spinal nerves that originate from the spinal cord?
31
