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Clinical & Neuropsychology 2 > CP: Chapter 9 Schizophrenia > Flashcards

CP: Chapter 9 Schizophrenia Flashcards

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1
Q

positive symptoms =

A

any change in behaviour or thoughts, such as hallucinations or delusions

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2
Q

negative symptoms =

A

when people appear to withdraw from the world around then, take no interest in everyday social interactions, and often appear emotionless and flat.

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3
Q

acute episodes are usually characterized by … symptoms

A

positive

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4
Q

delusions=

A

beliefs contrary to reality and firmly held in spite of disconfirming evidence

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5
Q

thought insertion =

A

person may believe that their thoughts are not their own, but put in by an external source.

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6
Q

thought broadcasting =

A

person may believe that his or her thoughts are broadcast or transmitted, so that others know what they are thinking

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7
Q

grandiose delusions=

A

exaggerated sense of their importance/power/knowledge/identity.

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8
Q

ideas of reference =

A

incorporating unimportant events within a delusional framework and reading personal significance into trivial activities of others.

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9
Q

somatic =

A

delusional body experiences, bv denken dat er iets mis is met je lichaam

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10
Q

erotomanic =

A

false belief that someone is in love with them

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11
Q

nihilistic =

A

rejecting all religious and moral principles in the belief that life is meaningless.

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12
Q

hallucinations -

A

sensory experiences in the absence of any relevant stimulation from the environment -> can occur in all modalities but most common in auditory

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13
Q

negative symptoms

A

behavioural deficits –> detract from reality, you dont experience things the same way as before.

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14
Q

hoe lang blijven negatieve symptomen

A

these tend to endure beyond an acute episode

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15
Q

avolition =

A

lack of motivation and a seeming absence of interest in or inability to persist in routine activities (work/school/hobbies)

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16
Q

asociality =

A

severe impairments in social relationships

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17
Q

anhedonia =

A

loss of interest in experience of pleasure

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18
Q

2 soorten pleasure (anhedonia)

A

consummatory pleasure and anticipatory pleasure

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19
Q

consummatory pleasure =

A

amount of pleasure experienced in the moment

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20
Q

anticipatory pleasure =

A

amount of expected or anticipated pleasure for future events

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21
Q

in welke soort pleasure hebben mensen met schiz een deficit in

A

in anticipatory pleasure, maar niet in consummatory pleasure

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22
Q

blunted affect =

A

lack of outward expression of emotion (stare, motionless muscles, lifeless eyes, flat and toneless voice)

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23
Q

alogia

A

significant reduction in the amount of speech production

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24
Q

2 domains in which the 5 negative symptoms can be divided

A

motivation and pleasure domain (motivation, emotional experience, sociality)

expression domain (outward expression of emotion and vocalization)

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25
welke symptomen horen bij motivation and pleasure
avolition asociality anhedonia
26
expression domain
blunted affect alogia
27
disorganized speech =
ook wel formal thought disorder = problems in organizing ideas and in speaking so that a listener can understand (problems in executive functioning)
28
loose associations/derailment =
onderdeel van disorganized symptoms = person can be more successful in communicating with a listener but has a difficulty sticking to one topic Associative looseness often results in vague and confusing speech, in which the individual will frequently jump from one idea to an unrelated one.
29
disorganized behaviour =
they seem to lose the ability to organize their behaviour and make it conform to communicty standards (unusual clothes, act childlike, silly, hoard food, collect garbage)
30
3 soorten disorganized behaviour
catatonia catatonic immobility waxy flexibility
31
catatonia =
Catatonia is a complex neuropsychiatric behavioral syndrome that is characterized by abnormal movements, immobility, abnormal behaviors, and withdrawal.
32
catatonic immobility =
heel stijf, unusual position
33
waxy flexibility =
another person can move limbs into positions and then maintain for long periods of time
34
dus soorten delusions =
thought insertion thought broadcasting grandiose delusions ideas of reference somatic delusions erotomanic nihilistic
35
dus soorten negative symptoms=
avolition/apathy asociality anhedonia blunted affect alogia
36
dus disorganized symptoms soorten =
disorganized speech (loose associationsderailment) disorganized behaviour (catatonia/catatonic immobility/waxy flexibility)
37
schizophreniform disorder =
schizophrenia but only lasts 1-6 months (want schiz. is langer dan 6 maanden)
38
brief psychotic disorder =
same as schizophrenia but last from 1 day to 1 month, often due to extreme stress
39
schizoaffective disorder =
mixture symptoms of schizophrenia and mood disorders
40
delusional disorder =
troubled by persistent delusions of persecution or by delusional jealousy
41
what do family studies of schiz show
that it is genetic, hoe closer the relationship hoe meer risico
42
risk for mz twins =
44,3%
43
risk for dd twins =
12%
44
dus twins laten zien....
dat als alleen genetic transmission accounted for schizophrenia, both twins would always have schizophrenia
45
adoption studies laten zien
dat er een strong relation is tussen having a parent with schizophrenia and developing the disorder
46
wat doen association studies
try to notice specific genes related to schizophrenia etc.
47
genome association studies =
identify rare mutations, bv copy number variations
48
dopamine theory globaal
positive symptoms: may be due to increased sensitivity of dopamine receptors negative symptoms: may be due to dopamine underactivity in the prefrontal cortex.
49
waar is dopamine in involved, wat voor psychologische systemen
reward and motivation in the strium (in schiz: minder motivation)
50
welke andere neurotransmitters zijn involved in schizophrenia
serotonin, glutamate, GABA, NMDA
51
3 issues in brain structure bij schiz
- enlarged ventricles - prefrontal cortex veranderingen - problems in temporal cortex
52
enlarged ventricles laten zien...
dat er loss of brain cells is
53
prefrontal cortex veranderingen
minder gray matter, no loss of neurons but loss of dendritic spines. hierdoor zijn conections impaired. lower glucose metabolism
54
waar leidt less activity in prefrontal cortex naar
naar meer severe negative symptoms
55
problems in temporal cortex and surrounding regions
reduced volume of hippocampu , amygdala, anterior cingulate
56
wat zou kunnen leiden tot volume reductions bij hippocampus
door stress reactivity and disrupted HPA
57
3 soorten connectivity en wat is het
structural connectivity - how structures are connected, via white matter functional connectivity - how regions are connected based on BOLD signal (blood oxygen level dependent) effective connectivity - combines structural and functional -> BOLD ++ direction and timing of activations
58
het kan zijn dat excessive pruning, stress and hpa axis in early adolescence leiden tot dat schiz emerges during late asolescence
oke
59
relatie met cannabis
cannabis use leads to a higher risk for those who are genetically vulnerable to developing schiz. but neither is alone responsible
60
2 hypotheses about the relationship between schiz and socioeconomic status
sociogenic hypothesis social selection hypothesis (social selection hypothesis meer support)
61
sociogenic hypothesis
stress that comes with poverty (low edu, stigma, less opport) -> leads to schiz dus poverty -> schizophrenia
62
selection hypothesis
during the course of illness, ppl with schiz drift into poor neighborhoods because they cannot live anywhere else
63
urbanicity and schiz
ppl born in urban areas have a greater risk of developing schiz in adulthood
64
early theories blamed...
the mothers
65
wat is belangrijk binnen een familie
communication, slechte communicatie kan leiden tot meer schiz
66
wat kan relapse predicten in schiz
expressed emotion -> families with high ee were more prone to relapse, due to bidirectional relation between hpa activation and dopamine activity maar cultural differences in ee!
67
wat lieten retrospective studies zien
dat adults with schiz had lower iqs and were withdrawn and delinquent as children, sometimes also poor motor skills and negative emotion
68
prosprective study
confirmed that low iq is a predicter of the later onset of schizophrenia
69
soorten medicatie voor schizophrenia
first-generation antipsychotic drugs second-generation antipsychotic drugs
70
psychological treatments soorten
social skills training family therapy cognitive behavioural therapy cognitive remediation therapy psychoeducation case management residential treatment
71
cognitive behavioural therapy focused op..
thinking and elusions
72
cognitive remediation therapy focuses op...
improving cognitive skills
73
psychoeducation
educate about symptoms, expected time course, biological and psychological triggers and treatment strategies
74
case management
holding together + coordinating the range of medical and psychological services they need
75
residential treatment
protected living units

Clinical & Neuropsychology 2 (30 decks)

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