Craniofacial growth II

Question 1

We may divide the skull growth in two different parts that have different development:

Answer 1

• Viscero-skull: Face

* Neuro-skull: Cranial vault and base

Question 2

Viscero-skull type of growth?

Answer 2

slow growth

Question 3

Neuro-skull type of growth?

Answer 3

fast growth

Question 4

Factors that affect facial growth? (5)

Answer 4

• Function
• Sinus growth
• Dental eruption
• Increase of muscular activity
• General factors

Question 5

Factor that affects neuro-skull growth?

Answer 5

Brain growth

Question 6

Growth of cranial vault reaches ____% at the end of ___ year of life

Answer 6

80% at the end of 2nd year

Question 7

When does growth of the cranial vault end? exception?

Answer 7

8th-10th year of life

*except the frontal sinus

Question 8

What are the two types of growth the cranial vault experiences?

Answer 8

• Sutural growth

- Apositional growth

Question 9

Cranial vault: Characteristics of sutural growth? (3)

Answer 9

• Stimulation of sutures and frontanelas
• tension due to brain’s growth
• increases the circumference and reduces the curvature

Question 10

Cranial vault: characteristics of apositional growth? (2)

Answer 10

• Bone deposition on the internal and external surfaces

- increases the thickness

Question 11

At what age to sutures start to calcify? exception?

Answer 11

13-14

*metopic suture closes at end of 2nd year

Question 12

Growth of cranial vault: Where is is apposition on the internal and external surface?

Answer 12

• internal surface there is apposition in the central area
• external surface is the
  other way around.

Question 13

Growth of cranial vault: when does the internal surface stop growing?

Answer 13

Once the brain has finished developing ~8years old

Question 14

Growth of cranial vault: when does the external surface stop growing?

Answer 14

Continues to grow with the growth of the facial bones (maxilla and sinus) creating the frontal sinus

Question 15

Cranial base growth: is the area that changes the _____ during the growth

Answer 15

least

Question 16

We may divide the cranial base in two parts:

Answer 16

• Anterior base

- Posterior base

Question 17

Anterior cranial base growth is related with ____

Answer 17

the growth of nasomailar complex

Question 18

The anterior cranial base grows until what age?

Answer 18

Grows precociously until 7 years old

Question 19

The posterior cranial base growth is related with ___? (2)

Answer 19

the pharynx area and width of the mandibular ramus

Question 20

Posterior cranial base growth compared to anterior base?

Answer 20

Posterior has slower growth

Question 21

The posterior cranial base grows until what age?

Answer 21

20 years old

Question 22

What happens if the anterior cranial vault is too big or too small?

Answer 22

Produces hyperplasia and hypoplasia of the nasomaxilar complex

Question 23

What happens if the posterior cranial vault is too big or too small?

Answer 23

Mandibular rams thin or wide—vertical or horizontal growth.

Question 24

A reduced anterior cranial

base may produce…

Answer 24

an hypoplasic nasomaxilar complex

Question 25

The middle cranial fossa can have an effect on the ____

Answer 25

``` upper jaw (moving it forward and down by its arrangement), but it also has an effect on the jaw ```

Question 26

A reduced posterior cranial base may give place to a ....

Answer 26

narrow mandibular ramus that will lead to a vertical mandibular growth

Question 27

What types of growth does the cranial base go through? (3)

Answer 27

- Sutural growth - Apositional growth - Endocondral growth

Question 28

Cranial base: sutural growth?

Answer 28

Transversal growth (slow)

Question 29

Cranial base: apositional growth?

Answer 29

lateral areas

Question 30

Cranial base: endocondral growth?

Answer 30

Synchondroses (slow)

Question 31

Cranial base: At the fossas there will be ...?

Answer 31

growth due to bone resorption

Question 32

Cranial base: at elevated areas there is....?

Answer 32

apposition

Question 33

Cranial base: Why is there differential and continuous remodeling?

Answer 33

stability for the vascular and nervous elements

Question 34

What is the most stable part of the skull?

Answer 34

Cranial base | *anterior cranial base (sella) is used as a reference point

Question 35

What is the sella?

Answer 35

Anterior cranial base

Question 36

The sella does not have ____?

Answer 36

a field of growth

Question 37

Why is the sella important?

Answer 37

able to observe the different positions the bones may adopt using it as a reference

Question 38

What are the type of maxillary growth? (3)

Answer 38

- sutural growth - apositional growth - "v" pattern of growth

Question 39

What is the hierarchy of maxillary growth?

Answer 39

VERTICAL > SAGITAL > LATERAL

Question 40

Maxillary growth: vertical growth? (3)

Answer 40

* Palatal remodeling * Dental eruption * Primary displacement

Question 41

Maxillary growth: lateral growth? (2)

Answer 41

* Bone remodeling | * Midline suture

Question 42

Maxillary growth: saggital growth (3)

Answer 42

* Maxillary tuberosity * Transverse palatal suture * Primary and secondary displacement

Question 43

Maxillary growth: bone remodeling areas? (5)

Answer 43

* Infraorbitary surface: Deposit. * Outer surface: Deposit. * Anterior surface: Resorption (except in fetal period). * Posterior surface: Deposit. * Lower relocation of the palate (deposit in the interior face-----`V´principle).

Question 44

Maxillary growth primary displacement? why?

Answer 44

Forward and slightly | downwards thanks to the sutural growth

Question 45

Maxillary growth secondary displacement?

Answer 45

* Anterior cranial base: Forward | * Middle and posterior base: Forward and downward

Question 46

Mandibular growth: at birth. what happens?

Answer 46

there are two short ramus that are fused together by connective tissue

Question 47

Mandibular growth: What happens during the first year of life?

Answer 47

There is an ossification of the simphysis

Question 48

Mandibular growth: endochondral growth?

Answer 48

There will be endochondral growth by apposition at the | alveolar border and condile

Question 49

Mandibular growth: Apposition?/resorption?

Answer 49

Will be apposition at the posterior surface of the | ramus and resorption of the anterior border.

Question 50

Mandibular growth: Bone remodelling?

Answer 50

on all the surfaces that enables the eruption of the molars

Question 51

Mandibular growth: body of the mandible - posterior surface?

Answer 51

* Remodeling of the ramus, making the body longer * Posterior and lingual deposit (at the lingual tuberosity) * Deviation towards lingual of that part changing from ramus to body

Question 52

Mandibular growth: What are the sites of growth at the body of the mandible? (6)

Answer 52

- Posterior surface - Inferior surface - Symphysis - External surface - internal surface - Alveolar area

Question 53

Mandibular growth: Body of the mandible - inferior surface? (2)

Answer 53

Deposit | * except at the antegonial area (resorption)

Question 54

Mandibular growth: Body of the mandible - symphysis? (2)

Answer 54

- Resorption on the upper portion | - deposit at the chin

Question 55

Mandibular growth: Body of the mandible - external surface?

Answer 55

deposit

Question 56

Mandibular growth: Body of the mandible - internal surface?

Answer 56

Deposit at the lowest area

Question 57

Mandibular growth: Body of the mandible - alveolar area?

Answer 57

V principle

Question 58

Mandibular growth: ramus growth areas? (4)

Answer 58

- Anterior border - Posterior border - Cornoid apophysis - Condyle

Question 59

Mandibular growth: ramus anterior border?

Answer 59

Resorption (mainly at the inferior part)

Question 60

Mandibular growth: ramus posterior border?

Answer 60

Deposit (mainly at the inferior part) It appears a verticalization of the ramus

Question 61

Mandibular growth: ramus cornoid apophysis? (3)

Answer 61

- Anterior resorption. - Posterior and lingual deposit - “V” pattern

Question 62

Mandibular growth: ramus - condyle? (3)

Answer 62

- Anterior resorption. - Posterior, superior and lateral deposit. - “V” pattern

Question 63

The main part of the mandible that participates in growth is--- (2)

Answer 63

the posterior border of the ramus and condylar process

Question 64

What direction does the mandible grow in? (2)

Answer 64

upwards and backwards

Question 65

Primary displacement mandible?

Answer 65

Downwards and forward

Question 66

Secondary displacement mandible?

Answer 66

will be smaller than the one in the maxilla as the middle fossa is anterior to the condylar process.

Question 67

Mandibular growth: predominance of vertical condylar growth? (2)

Answer 67

✦Counter-clockwise rotation of the mandible body | ✦Tendency towards horizontal growth

Question 68

Mandibular growth: predominance of distal condylar growth?

Answer 68

✦Clockwise rotation of the mandibular body | ✦Tendency towards vertical growth