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Peds III > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

(96 cards)

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1
Q

What is paul ehrlich known for? (2)

A
  • treatment of syphillis

- discovery & development of sulfonamide / sulfa drugs

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2
Q

What is alexander fleming known for?

A

Penicillium mould = penicillin

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3
Q

Define antibiotic:

A

Natural or synthetic chemical substance that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria

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4
Q

Define bactericide:

A

kills bacteria

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5
Q

Define bacteriostatic:

A

Changes the characteristics of bacteria so it is no longer pathogenic

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6
Q

Define selective toxicity:

A

inhibition or death of pathogenic microorganisms without damaging the host

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7
Q

Define wide-spectrum antibiotics

A

Can attack a variety of germs but may not be the best against that specific germ

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8
Q

Define narrow-spectrum antibiotics

A

effective against limited variety of pathogens but very effective

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9
Q

What is MIC?

A

Minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotic able to inhibit growth of specific pathogen

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10
Q

What is MLC?

A

Minimum lethal concentration of ATB to kill a pathogen

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11
Q

Define therapeutic dose:

A

dose necessary for treatment of certain infection

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12
Q

Define toxic dose:

A

dose producing undesirable and harmful effects for patient

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13
Q

Aerobic bacteria?

A
  • Gram + cocci

- facultative anaerobic

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14
Q

Anaerobic bacteria?

A
  • Gram + cocci

- Gram - bacillus

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15
Q

Strict and facultative anaerobic?

A

Betalactamics (penicillin and cephalosporin)

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16
Q

antibiotic treatments shorter than ___ days is not effective

A

5

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17
Q

antibiotic treatments longer than ___ days can cause…

A

10 days can cause unwanted reactions

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18
Q

What was the first antibiotic to be discovered?

A

Penicillin. Alexander fleming

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19
Q

What is amoxicilin? (3)

A
  • Penicillin drug
  • betalactamic group
  • wider spectrum of action than penicillin and fewer side effect
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20
Q

Amoxicillin is derived from?

A

ampicillin from chemical synthesis

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21
Q

Amoxicilin bacteriostatic or bactericide?

A

bactericide

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22
Q

Amoxicillin mechanism of action?

A

inhibits cell wall synthesis and kills bacteria

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23
Q

Amoxicillin antibacterial spectrum? (4)

A

Gram + and - and others

effective against streptococcus (gram +)

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24
Q

Amoxicillin absorption? (2)

A
  • oral: better absorbed than ampicillin

- absorption not modified by presence of food in stomach

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25
Where is amoxicillin metabolized?
liver
26
Amoxicillin excretion?
kidney
27
Amoxicillin at the same dose of ampicillin reaches...
a higher concentration
28
The maximum concentration of amoxicillin?
1-2.5hours
29
Amoxicillin indications? (3)
* Useful in SHORT ORAL TREATMENTS (mild or moderate infections). * Efficient in prophylaxis of endocarditis. * Other indications: Urinary infections, abdominal infections
30
Amoxicillin + clauvanic acid? (4)
- clavulanic acid = inhibitor of betalactamases - widens spectrum and action - produces diarrhea and digestive alterations - more powerful action at same dose
31
What can inactivate amoxicillin
betalactamases
32
Amoxicillin dose?
50mg/kg per day. Divide this dose into 3 doses per day
33
Clavulanic acid and amoxicillin dose?
same as amoxicillin
34
Minimum treatment for amoxicillin?
4 days
35
Adverse effect of amoxicillin? (2)
- hypersensibillity** (main) - eruptions (rash - anaphylaxis with glottis spasm and asphyxia (0.05%)
36
Avoid giving amoxicillin when the patient has... (5)
- mononucleosis - hepatic infection - renal infection - diabetes (for powder solution) - phenylketonuria (has phenylalanine)
37
What is a macrolide?
- Bacteriostatic (inhibits protein synthesis)
38
Macrolides work on...?
- works on gram +, -, and anaerobic
39
Macrolides adverse effects?
- nausea - vomitting - diarrhea
40
When do we use macrolides? (2)
When allergic to amoxicillin or cephalosporin
41
What was the first macrolide? when do we use it? (3)
- Erythromycin - almost not used anymore - replaced by more potent one (azithromycine)
42
What was azitromycine derived from?
erythromycin
43
Half life of azitromycine?
Much longer half-life (up to 68h): single dose / 24 h
44
How do we administer azitromicine?
on an empty stomach
45
Adverse effect of azitromycine? (5)
- mild GI effects (frequent) - less effects than erythromycin - heptatoxcity - ototocity - hypersensitivity
46
ATB of choice in Endocarditys prophylaxis in people allergic to penicillin?
- Azitromycin - cefalexin - clindamycin
47
What are the macrolides? (4)
- azitromycin - clarithromycin - spiramycin - josamycin
48
Azitromycin dosage?
5-10mg /kg for a day. divide into 3 dosages oral or IV
49
Lincosamide act against...? (2)
1. Anaerobes (Bacteroids, clostridium) | 2. Gramm+ (staphylococcus, streptococcus)
50
Types of lincosamides? (2)
- Clindamycin ( lincosamide) | - Metronidazole
51
When do we use lincosamides? (2)
In dentistry: in severe infections or endocarditis prophylaxis
52
Clindamycin? (3)
- Very effective against cocos Gramm+ - Good tolerance - Low allergenic potential
53
Side effects of clindamycin?
1. Mild: nausea, vomiting, metallic taste | 2. Severe: ataxia, convulsions, encephalopathy
54
Clindamycin oral dosage?
10-30mg/kg in a day. taken 3 times a day
55
Clindamycin i.m. or i.v. dosage?
20-40mg/kg/day taken 3 times a day
56
Endocarditis prophylaxis with no penicillin allergy orally? (2)
- adults: 2gr amoxicillin | - children: 50mg/kg
57
Adult endocarditis prophylaxis with no penicillin allergy not orally? (2)
- 2gr amoxicillin | - 1gr ceftriaxona
58
Child endocarditis prophylaxis with no penicillin allergy not orally? (2)
- 50mg/kg amoxicillin | - 50mg/kg ceftriaxona
59
Adult endocarditis prophylaxis with penicillin allergy orally? (2)
- clindamycin 600mg | - claritomycin 500mg
60
Child endocarditis prophylaxis with penicillin allergy orally? (2)
- clindamycin 20mg/kg | - claritomycin 15mg/kg
61
Adult endocarditis prophylaxis with penicillin allergy not orally?
Clindamycin 600mg
62
Child endocarditis prophylaxis with penicillin allergy not orally?
Clindamycine 20mg/kg
63
What is an antimycotic?
antifungal
64
Latest generation antifungals and children?
Latest generation antifungals have very limited use in children
65
Most used antifungals in pediatrics is? (4)
1. Nystatin 2. Ketoconazole 3. Miconazole 4. Others: fluconazole
66
How is nystatin administered?
topically
67
Nystatin indications?
- skin/mucous infection with candida albicans | - prevention of candidiasis in immunocomprompised patients
68
Nystatin side effects?
- nausea - vomitting - rash
69
Nystatin contraindications?
- hypersensitivity
70
Nystatin treatment time?
2-3 weeks
71
Nystatin dosage?
500.000-1.000.000 UI /6-8 hours
72
how is miconazol adminsitered?
topical (low absorption)
73
Miconazol side effects? (4)
more frequent than other antifungals - nausea - tachycardia - anaphylaxis
74
Miconazol contraindication?
hypersensitivity
75
Miconazol treatment duration?
variable
76
NSAID effects? (3)
- analgesic - antipyretic - antiinflammatory
77
Paractamol effects? (3)
- analgesic - antipytetic * greater antipyretic effect than NSAIDS
78
Ibuprofen is derived from...?
Propionic acid
79
Most widely used analgesic in pediatrics? why?
- ibuprofen | - mild inflammatory dental processes
80
Ibuprofen gastrointesinal effect? (2)
- few adverse affects | - lowest risk of all NSAIDs
81
What are the propionic acid derivatives? (5)
- ibuprofen - naproxen - ketoprofen - diclofenac - piroxicam
82
Ibuprofen maximum concentration?
1-2h
83
Ibuprofen average life?
2-6 hours
84
ibuprofen contraindications? (6)
* Hypersensibility to any NSAID * Digestive alterations (ulcers, gastritis,…) * Asthmatic crisis, angioedema, rash provoked by NSAID * Heart failure * Alterations in blood clotting * Hepatic and renal failure
85
Ibuprofen dental side effects? (2)
- alveolitis | - osteoitis
86
Ibuprofen dosage?
20mg/kg. divided into 3 times a day
87
Paracetamol is derived from..?
fenacetin
88
Average life of paracetamol?
2-4 hours
89
Max concentration of paracetamol?
30-60 mins
90
Paracetamol counterindications? (4)
- Hepatic alterations (It is hepatotoxic) - Asthmatic (It may produce bronchospasm) - Leucopenia - Neutropenia
91
Paracetamol dosage? (2)
60mg/kg/day. 4-6 times a day *max dosage of 4g per day
92
Adult dosage of ibuprofen? (2)
400-600 mg every 6-8 hours | *max dosage of 2.4g
93
Adult dosage of paracetamol? (2)
325-650 mg / 6 hours | *max dosage of 4g
94
What antibiotics do not contain sucrose?
- Augmentine drops - oral suspension 125 mg - soluble powder 250 mg - 500 mg (aspartame)
95
What antiiinflamatory drugs do not contain sucrose?
- Apiretal oral suspension, drops (saccharine) - Junifen oral suspension (saccharine) - Gelocatil drops (saccharine)
96
What antifungals do not contain sucrose?
Mycostatin solution (saccharine)

Peds III (9 decks)

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