Cross Species Info

Question 1

Define electrical defibrillation.

Answer 1

Shock stops all cells in the heart simultaneously, allowing the pacemaker cells to regain control of myocardial contraction.

Question 2

What is the arrow pointing to in this image of an umbilical remnant?

Answer 2

Umbilical artery

Question 3

List the appositional suture patterns:

Answer 3

Simple continuous
Simple interrupted
Intradermal/subcuticular
Cruciate
Gambee
Ford interlocking

Question 4

List the everting suture patterns

Answer 4

Horizontal and vertical mattress

Question 5

List the inverting suture patterns:

Answer 5

Connell
Cushing
Lembert
Cushing
Parker-Kerr
Purse-String

Question 6

What medication is used for treating neuropathic pain?

Answer 6

Gabapentin

Question 7

Lipid-soluble drugs distribute into ?

Answer 7

Intracellular and extracellular fluid, therefore their volume of distribution is larger than that of water-soluble drugs

Question 8

T/F: Clearance of a drug is independent of the volume of distribution.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

The volume of distribution is directly proportional to ?

Answer 9

The elimination half life
As volume of distribution increases, the elimination half life increases and vice versa.

Question 10

Answer 10

Question 11

List some examples of hypotonic fluids

Answer 11

0.45% saline
5% dextrose in water

Question 12

List some examples of isotonic fluids

Answer 12

Crystalloids = LRS, Norm-R
Colloids = Hetastarch, Vetastarch

Question 13

List some examples of hypertonic fluids

Answer 13

Hypertonic Saline
Norm-M
5% Dextrose

Question 14

What is the difference between a type 1, type 2, type 3, and type 4 hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 14

Type 1 = anaphylaxis
Type 2 = Ag-Ab complex formation (e.g. IMHA)
Type 3 = Ag-Ab complex formation deposited on endothelium (glomerulonpehritis, SLE, purpura hemorrhagic, anterior uveitis, vasculitis)
Type 4 = delayed hypersensitivity

Question 15

What is the difference between a major and minor cross-match?

Answer 15

Major cross match = donor cells with recipient serum

Minor cross match = donor serum with recipient cells

Question 16

What initiates the Ferguson reflex?

Answer 16

Cervical stimulation

Question 17

The patellar reflex tests the integrity of which nerve?

Answer 17

Femoral nerve

Question 18

Aminoglycosides (such as gentamicin, amikacin) are associated with what adverse effects?

Answer 18

Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity

Question 19

Cephalosporins, such as ?, are associated with what adverse effects?

Answer 19

Cephalexin, ceftiofur, ceftriaxone.

Pain at injection site, otherwise relatively nontoxic

Question 20

Sulfonamides, such as ?, are associated with ?

Answer 20

Trimethoprim/sulfa

Associated with hypersensitivity and immune-mediated reactions.

Question 21

Lincosamides, such as ?, are associated with what adverse effects?

Answer 21

Clindamycin

GI upset, contraindicated in horses, rabbits, and other small mammals because severe, even fatal colitis can occur

Question 22

Penicillins, such as ?, are associated with what adverse side effects?

Answer 22

Amoxicillin

Hypersensitivity reactions esp in cattle (skin reactions, angioedema, drug fever, serum sickness, vasculitis, anaphylaxis)

Question 23

How long is the gestation period for the following species:
1. Horses
2. Cows
3. Pigs
4. Sheep
5. Goats
6. Dogs
7. Cats
8. Ferrets

Answer 23

1. Horses - ~ 330-340 days
2. Cows - ~ 280 days
3. Pigs - ~114 days
4. Sheep- 5 months
5. Goats - 5 months
6. Dogs - ~65 days
7. Cats - ~65
8. Ferrets ~41-42 days

Question 24

What type of placenta do the following species have:
1. Horses
2. Pigs
3. Dogs
4. Cats
5. Ruminants
6. Rodents

Answer 24

1. Horses = diffuse
2. Pigs = diffuse
3. Dogs = Zonary
4. Cats = Zonary
5. Ruminants = Multicotyledonary
6. Rodents = Discoid

Question 25

Define the following heart sounds: S1 S2 S3 S4

Answer 25

S1 = closing of AV valves and opening of semilunar valves (aortic, pulmonic) S2 = closing of semilunar valves and opening of AV valves (end of systole and start of diastole) S3 = ventricular filling S4 = atrial systole (atrial contraction)

Question 26

What type of drug if digoxin?

Answer 26

Digoxin is a positive ionotrope and is used to decrease heart rate

Question 27

What medication can be used as an adjunct analgesic for tx of chronic pain?

Answer 27

SSRI's - fluoxetine, sertraline

Question 28

Inverting suture patterns are best used to close?

Answer 28

Stomach

Question 29

How do excessive doses of synthetic starches such as Hetastarch affect hemostasis?

Answer 29

Reduce platelet function

Question 30

Metoclopramide crosses the blood-brain barrier and antagonizes __________ in the medullary chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) to inhibit emesis. __________ antagonism may also cause adverse _________ signs, like involuntary muscle spasms, restlessness, and inappropriate vocalization/aggression.

Answer 30

Metoclopramide crosses the blood-brain barrier and antagonizes dopamine in the medullary chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) to inhibit emesis. Dopamine antagonism may also cause adverse extrapyramidal signs, like involuntary muscle spasms, restlessness, and inappropriate vocalization/aggression.

Question 31

A teenager brings in a wild fox he found with a mouth full of porcupine quills. What is the best course of action?

Answer 31

Question 32

Define a "secondary survey" in an emergency patient.

Answer 32

Question 33

Acepromazine 1. Drug Class? 2. Clinical signs? 3. Adverse side effects?

Answer 33

1. Phenothiazine 2. Hypotension, Sedation, tranquilization, (severe cases - CV collapse), decrease tear production 3. Occasionally, aggressiveness and hyperactivity can occur, and when given in the muscle, this medication can cause temporary pain at the injection site. This drug may also cause the urine to become mildly discolored pinkish to red-brown, but is not concerning and will resolve.

Question 34

What is a sensitive and specific biomarker of cardiac muscle damage in small and large animals?

Answer 34

Cardiac troponin I (cTnl) is a very sensitive and specific indicator of acute myocardial damage, used in large and small animals. It has a very short half life (0.47 hours in horses to 1.85 hours in dogs).

Question 35

The corneal reflex may be absent during what plane of anesthesia?

Answer 35

The corneal reflex may be absent during Stage IV, which is an overdose of anesthesia - the patient will be very close to death. The corneal reflex should NEVER be gone if the patient is at an appropriate depth of anesthesia, unless the patient is paralyzed with a neuromuscular blocker. The corneal reflex does not always disappear; in fact, it is still present for a short time after death in some patients.

Question 36

The total amount of water in the body, or the total body water (TBW), is approximately 60% of the body weight in healthy animals. Which one of the following choices most correctly describes the distribution of the total body water?

Answer 36

2/3 intracellular 1/3 extracellular

Question 37