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General Info - Ovine Flashcards

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1
Q

Contagious ecthyma, also known as “orf” is caused by?

A

A parapox virus (related to pseudocowpox and bovine papillary stomatitis virus)

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2
Q

How do you Dx orf?

A

PCR or electron microscopy

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3
Q

How long does a case of orf typically last? What do you do with infected individuals?

A

1-4 weeks
Isolate or cull the affected sheep and vaccinate the rest

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4
Q

T/F: Your sheep farm is orf-free and you want to keep it that way! So you think the best way is to vaccinate all sheep with a live vaccine.

A

FALSE - you should not vaccinate on orf-free farms because that can actually cause disease.

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4
Q

Is Orf a zoonotic disease?

A

Yes! It is highly contagious and zoonotic. Can be transmitted via direct contact with affected animals or via live vaccine

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5
Q

T/F: Orf is more severe in goats than sheep, but it is less common goats.

A

TRUE

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6
Q

Enterotoxemia is also known as?

A

Bloody scours because you see bloody diarrhea in lambs and kids that drank too much milk/indigestion.

Other C/S: Anorexia, lethargy, GI pain, seizures, opisthotonus, ataxia or peracute death w/o premonitory signs

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7
Q

Enterotoxemia type D is also called?

A

Pulpy kidney & overeating disease because it is seen in the fastest growing, healthiest animals. Same C/S as bloody scours

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8
Q

Lambs and ewes usually contract tetanus due to?

A

A wound that they acquired 10-14 days prior.

First starts off as a stiffening of the masseter muscles aka lockjaw and then progresses to generalized stiffness aka sawhorse stance.

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9
Q

Name the toxin that causes Enterotoxemia Types C and D

A

Type C = Beta toxin –> intestinal damage

Type D = Epsilon toxin

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10
Q

Clostridium is what type of bacteria?

A

Gram +, rod shaped bacteria

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11
Q

What additive can help stabilize a sample from a patient diagnosed with enterotoxemia?

A

Chloroform

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12
Q

How can you prevent Enterotoxemia & Tetanus infection in sheep?

A

Vaccinate with the CD&T vaccine (Enterotoxemia Type C, D and Tetanus) when young 2x + ~ 1 mo before parturition.

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13
Q

T/F: Enterotoxemia is more common in sheep than in goats.

A

True

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14
Q

How can you prevent Enterotoxemia Type C and Type D infection?

A

Type C = good udder hygiene, vaccinate

Type D = minimize rapid feed changes + vaccinate

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15
Q

What parasite of ovine is pictured?

A

H. contortus aka the barber pole worm.

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16
Q

Name the etiologic agent of coccidiosis in sheep

A

Eimeria spp.

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17
Q

What parasite of sheep is pictured ?

A

GI parasite - Telodorsagia circumcincta (formerly Ostertagia)

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18
Q

What parasite of sheep is pictured?

A

Trichostrongylus spp.

Causes gastroenteritis of growing lambs mid-summer onwards.

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19
Q

T/F: Fecal egg count is not very sensitive.

A

TRUE

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20
Q

In order to dx coccidiosis you need?

A

> 20,000 oocysts/g of feces

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21
Q

What do you see an increase of in a case of Teladorsagia?

A

Plasma pepsinogen levels

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22
Q

How do you treat a case of Eimeria/coccidiosis?

A

Once diagnosed, treatment is actually ineffective. However, you can reduce the severity of infection by giving toltrazuril, diclazuril, or sulfaquinoxaline as well as rotating pastures.

To prevent, reduce stress and maintain nutrition + you can give prophylactic coccidiostats to lambs for 28 days during new pasture introduction.

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23
Q

Eimeria, Telodorsagia, Trichostrongylus, and H. contortus all inhabit ?

A

The abomasum

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24
Which GI parasites are more common in cooler winter/rainfall climates?
Tichostrongylus and Telodorsagia circumcincta
25
What gI parasites are more common in tropical or subtropical climates?
H. contortus
26
What LN are most commonly affected in a case of Caseous lymphadenitis?
Submandibular, parotid, prescapular, prefemoral
27
What is the etiology of caseous lymphadenitis?
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis a gram + facultative intracellular bacterium
28
How do you treat a case of caseous lymphadenitis in a valuable sheep vs a non-valuable sheep?
Non-valuable = cull Valuable = isolate + lance, drain, lavage with iodine solution OR surgically excision OR formalin injection if not being consumed by humans
29
T/F: Vaccination against Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis prevents disease.
False, it reduces incidence.
30
What are the classic clinical signs of a sheep with ovine progressive pneumonia and maedi-visna?
Sheep > 4 yrs of age; Progressive wasting, respiratory distress
31
What are the classic clinical signs of a sheep with ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma?
Respiratory distress, crackles throughout lung fields + copious nasal dc
32
What are the classic clinical signs of a sheep with caprine arthritis encephalitis?
Arthritis + neuro signs
33
OPA is caused by?
Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus
34
OPP, M-V, CAE, and OPA are caused by?
Retroviruses
35
List the etiologies of pneumonia in lambs and kids:
PI-3, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, +/- secondary bacterial infection
36
Dictyocaulus filaria like to reside in the?
Bronchi
37
Muellerius capillaris like to reside in?
Alveoli and lunch parenchyma (worse in goats than sheep)
38
How do you treat cases of OPP, M-V, CAE ?
Cull positive animals
39
Is there tx for OPP, M-V, CAE, and OPA?
None
40
T/F: Parasitic pneumonia affects margins of diaphragmatic lung lobes and is rarely clincal
True
41
Compare and contrast a classic case of caprine arthritis encephalitis in adults vs kids
Adults = progressive polysynovitis/arthritis - swollen joints - indurative mastitis aka hard bag --> agalactia Kids = encephalomyelitis - placing deficits which may progress into para or tetraparesis
42
What causes caprine arthritis encephalitis?
Enveloped, single stranded RNA lentivirus from the retrovirus family
43
When diagnosing CAE, what test is the most sensitive and which is the most specific?
Most sensitive = ELISA Most specific = AGID
44
How can you prevent CAE?
Isolate kids @ birth and feed heat-treated colostrum, pasteurized milk Serology of herd biannually + eventually cull seropositive animals
45
What will you likely see on bloodwork of a late gestation dam with pregnancy toxemia? On necropsy?
Elevated serum beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB) and increased urine ketones +/- hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia. Necropsy: hepatic lipidosis, adrenal enlargement, increased BHB in aqueous humor, CSF
46
Sheep should not enter the last 6 weeks of pregnancy with a BCS of less than?
2.5
47
Serum BHB levels should be ?
1.7 mmol/L
48
You know you are dealing with a ruptured bladder when?
The fluid aspirated on abdominocentesis has a creatinine 2x that of peripheral blood
49
If a sheep is suffering from urethral obstruction, what do you do?
Tube cystotomy to allow calculi to be expelled spontaneously over time
50
If a sheep is early/mild/partially obstructed, what do you do?
Antispasmodics/tranquilizers to relax sigmoid flexure of penis
51
If a sheep is blocked at the urethral process what do you do?
Amputate
52
If a sheep has a ruptured urethra or bladder, what do you do?
Drain uroperitoneum slowly via teat cannula or trocar. PU as salvage procedure. Usually can not repair and cull within 3-4 months
53
How do struvite stones form?
Lots of grain with low calcium: phosphorous ratio
54
How do silica stones form?
Associated with grazing on silica rich soil
55
This is commonly seen in cases of copper toxicity in sheep.
Photosensitization
56
This is classically seen in what disease? And at what stage? What is a clinical sign resulting from this?
Acute copper toxicity in sheep Dark urine!!
57
What can be used to tx ACUTE copper toxicity in sheep
Penicillamine = enhances copper excretion Vitamin C = antioxidant for erythrocyte damage
58
Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate can?
Decrease liver copper absorption and increase liver copper excretion BUT HAS A 10 DAY WITHDRAWAL PERIOD
59
What factors affect copper metabolism?
STRESS --> causes sudden release and acute hemolytic crisis Low molybdenum = excess copper retention Low sulfur, zinc, calcium in diet Heliotropium europaeum or Senecio have hepatotoxic alkaloids --> liver disease --> release of copper into bloodstream and hemolysis
60
Treatment for polled intersex syndrome?
CULL, do not breed
61
Polledness is what type of trait?
Autosomal dominant trait in males and females
62
Intersexism is a _________ trait seen only in ?
recessive, polled females
63
Corrynebacterium renale is?
Gram + diptheroid bacterium that hydrolyzes urea
64
C. renale typically seen in?
castrated males
65
C. renale clincal signs ?
Preputial swelling that can progress to straining to urinate and swelling, +/- redness of vulva and clitoris
66
How can you prevent C. renale infection?
Low-protein diet High protein diet leads to increased urea --> increased ammonia produced by C. renale which irriates penis and urethra. If animal has dirt caked in hair around prepuce or too short or too long hair = alters urine flow
67
What is the pathogenesis of blue tongue?
Widespread vasculitis in fine-wool and mutton breeds of sheep
68
What are the key clinical signs of blue tongue?
Edema of face, cyanotic oral mucosa and tongue, serous to mucopurulent nasal DC as well as internal system damage
69
Blue tongue is caused by?
Orbivirus transmitted by Culicoides spp. (midges or gnats)
70
What is pictured?
Bluetongue virus
71
T/F: There are modified live vaccines available for some serovars of blue tongue.
True!
72
What is the incubation time for heartwater?
7-35 days
73
Key clinical signs of heart water include?
Fever, listlessness, and progressive neuro signs
74
What is the etiology of heartwater?
Ehrlichia ruminantium transmitted by Ambylomma tick
75
How do you tx heartwater?
Tetracycline (but can only be used early on in disease which is hard because you usually dont see until c/s more severe)
76
What disease process is pictured here?
Hair loss adjacent to tail head Key C/S of Scrapie
77
What are the key clinical signs of scrapie?
Behavioral changes (sudden aggression, vacant fixed stare), progressive weight loss, pruritis, hair loss adjacent to tail head, "scratch reflex"
78
Scrapie is caused by?
Scrappie is a transmission spongiform encephalopathy transmitted caused by transmissible prion PrPSC
79
Antemortem testing for scrapie vs post mortem testing for scrapie ?
ante mortem = IHC on biopsies of lymphoid tissue (rectal mucosa easiest) or third eyelid post mortem = brain ihc
80
How do you treat scrapie?
Test and cull Inform USDA/APHIS
81
How do you prevent scrapie?
breed resistant genotypes
82
What is the pathogenesis of scrapie?
Abnormal PrPSC converts cellular prion protein protein PrPc and accumulates as amyloid plaque in lymphoreticular and neural tissues.
83
What is the incubation time of scrapie?
2-5 years
84
T/F: Scrapie is always fatal and reportable?
TRUE
85
Border disease causes ?
Barren dams, abortion of mummified or macerated lambs (if cervix open, not macerated) in lambs - hairy wool, lo birth weight
86
What causes border disease?
Flaviviriidae
87
How do you dx border disease?
Fluorescent AB on aborted fetal tissue or PI animals; blood of affected lambs before colostral intake b/c maternal AB interfere Necropsy: myelin deficiency, hypercellularity of white matter
88
Prevention for border disease?
Eliminate PI animals from flock; test all animals at birth
89
how is border disease spread?
Vertical and venereal spread
90
What is a possible side effect of Xylazine in sheep and goats?
Hypoxemia - Sometimes fatal - Esp when administered IV Preferably sedate sheep with a benzodiazepene (midazolam, diazepam)
91
T/F: Hyperventilation is a common side effect of sedation in ruminants, regardless of what medication you use.
FALSE - Hypoventilation is
92
Is the toxic dose of lidocaine lower or higher in small ruminants compared to dogs/horses?
Lower
93
What is the primary lesion in rams with Brucella ovis?
Epididymitis.
94
How are valuable vs nonvaluable rams suffering from Brucella treated?
Nonvaluable - cull Valuable - chlorotetracycline or streptomycin
95
Name two infectious causes of arthrogryposis in sheep and goats.
Bluetongue virus and akabane virus
96
What is the most common toxic cause of arthrogryposis in calves and lambs?
Lupine plants because they contain quinolizidine alkaloids
97
List the clinical signs seen in cases of contagious agalactia
Hot, painful arthritis Pneumonia Keratoconjunctivitis In sheep: mastitis --> fibrotic and atrophied udders
98
How do you dx patients with contagious agalactia?
PCR testing of clinical samples, such as mammary lung tissue, milk, and joint fluid. OR Detection of serum AB by ELISA
99
What is the best form of tx for patients suffering from contagious agalactia?
Cull; reportable disease
100
Why are kids and lambs under 3 days of age generally more affected by Clostridium perfringens type B and C?
B/c they lack the pancreatic proteolytic enzyme needed to inactivate the beta toxin (toxin produced by Type B and C) which is why newborns are disproportionately affected.
101
What are the major clinical signs of Clostridium perfringens type B in kids or lambs?
Watery diarrhea with flecks of blood prior to death (1-3 days old); On necropsy find diffuse hemorrhage in abomasum and intestines.
102
What medications are labeled to treat bacterial pneumonia in sheep?
Oxytetracycline, tilmicosin, and ceftiofur
103
What drug can be used to synchronize estrus in ewes?
PGF2a
104
T/F: Like horses, ruminants are affected by the ingestion of Centaurea spp aka Yellow star thistle or russian knapweed.
FALSE They are not!!
105
How are cases of pregnancy toxemia treated?
Emergency c-section, IVF, glucose, acid-base correction and other electrolyte abnormalities.
106
What is the best way to prevent Vibriosis abortion in ewes?
Vibriosis is caused by Campylobacter fetus feuts, jejuni jejuni, and C. lari --> late term abortion, autolyzed fetus. Prevent by vaccinating!
107
How do you diagnose Campylobacter in sheep?
Darkfield or fluroescent AB of placental tissue, uterine discharge, fetal abomasal contents, liver, or lungs
108
Name the common sheep tapeworm and the side effects of infection.
Moniezia expansa. nonpathogenic in low numbers. heavy infestation leads to GI disturbances, typically in sheep 4-5 mo old
109
What is the most common cause of clinical mastitis in small ruminants?
Staph aureus
110
What organ sample is the best to use for measurement white muscle disease?
Liver!!
111
What is the most common cause of viral diarrhea in lambs and kids?
Rotavirus 5 days to 2 weeks old
112
Name the major pathogens that cause diarrhea in lambs and kids:
113
Name the parasite pictured here
Fasciola hepatica eggs
114
What is the main difference between sheep and goat estrus cycles?
Sheep - 17 day estrous cycle Goats - 21 day estrous cycle
115
Ingestion of what plant can cause the congenital defect cyclops in lambs?
False hellebore, skunk cabbage By ewes on day 14 of gestation will produce lambs with cyclops.
116
What is the most common cause of abortion storms in sheep in the western u.s.?
Campylobacter fetus
117

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