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Parasitology I > Cryptosporidiosis & Coccidian Diseases > Flashcards

Cryptosporidiosis & Coccidian Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

Coccidia and Cryptosporidium infect…

A

GI tract and extra-intestinal sites

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2
Q

what are the life cycle stages of Coccidia and Cryptosporidium

A

zoites and oocyst

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3
Q

describe the zoite stage of Coccidia and Cryptosporidium

A

elongated, motile cell
invades host cell
INFECTIVE stage
names denote particular life cycle forms

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4
Q

describe oocyst stage of Coccidia and Cryptosporidium

A

environmentally resistant stage
shed in feces
contains sporocysts

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5
Q

what do Coccidia and Cryptosporidium sporocysts contain?

A

sporozoites aka form of zoite

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6
Q

what species does Cryptosporidium effect?

A

mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians

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7
Q

Cryptosporidium epidemiology

A

most are host specific
infect/damage mucosal epithelial cells in GI tract, respiratory tract
predilection varies

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8
Q

describe the life cycle of Cryptosporidium spp. is it direct or indirect?

A

DIRECT
1. oocyst ingested/inhaled
2. sporozoites excyst
3. infect host cells
4. develop into MERONTS
5. schizogeny
6. gametogeny
7. fertilization and sporogeny

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9
Q

what is schizogeny?

A

meronts divide -> merozoites -> infect host -> meronts -» repeat

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10
Q

what part of the Cryptosporidium life cycle is indicated by the red arrow?

A

schizogeny

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11
Q

what is gametogeny?

A

subset of merozoites infect host cells and develop into gamonts -> gametes

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12
Q

what part of Cryptosporidium life cycle is indicated?

A

gametogeny

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13
Q

what is fertilization and sporogeny?

A

fertilization - zygotes that develop into oocytes
sporogeny - oocysts sporulate (sporozoites develop) endogenously aka inside host

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14
Q

what happens to thin walled oocysts during fertilization and sporogeny?

A

sporozoites excyst and reinfect host
auto-infection

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15
Q

what happens to thick walled hosts during fertilization and sporogeny?

A

infective when shed, viable for months, resist disinfectant

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16
Q

what part of Cryptosporidium life cycle is indicated?

A

fertilization and sporogeny

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17
Q

GI Cryptosporidiosis - gastroenteritis disease patterns

A

usually mild to moderate - watery D
severe form - persistent D, dehydration, weight loss, lethargy, anorexia

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18
Q

what is C. parvum?

A

GI Cryptosporidiosis in ruminants and horses

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19
Q

what is C. baileyi?

A

GI AND Respiratory Cryptosporidiosis in poultry

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20
Q

what is C. parvum?

A

ZOONOTIC GI Cryptosporidiosis in humans

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21
Q

Respiratory Cryptosporidiosis disease pattern

A

mainly in avian hosts
sinusitis, bronchitis, airsacculitis, pneumonia

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22
Q

how to treat Cryptosporidiosis?

A

Supportive care (fluids, electrolytes, nutrition)
meds not very effective

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23
Q

Eimeria spp epidemiology

A

VERY narrow host specificity
largest impact on domestic ruminants and poultry
most spp in GI tract
predilection varies

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24
Q

what type of life cycle does Eimeria spp have?

A

direct
enteric cycle = schizogeny, gametogeny, fertilization, oocyst

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25
for Eimeria spp, sporology usually occurs...
exogenously (outside host)
26
Eimeria spp disease patterns
enteritis - epithelium damage (mild/moderate), damage to lamina as well (severe) D, fever, weight loss, dehydrated, emaciation, decreased production
27
what is E. bovis?
cattle Eimeria spp
28
what is "winter coccidiosis" for cattle
Eimeria spp disease provoked by severe cold, even at low infection levels
29
what is "nervous coccidiosis" in cattle?
enteritis and neurologic disturbances, usually during coldest months
30
why is there NO cross infection between sheep and goats for Eimeria spp?
strict host specificity
31
what is E. tenella?
poultry Eimeria spp
32
how to diagnose Eimeria spp?
fecal float
33
how to treat Eimeria spp??
anti-coccidial drugs AMPROLIUM and supportive therapy
34
Cystoisospora spp epidemiology
in all mammals, strict host specificity typically in GI tract enterocytes direct life cycle
35
how is Cystoisospora spp transmitted?
fecal oral paratenic hosts
36
how do Cystoisospora spp paratenic hosts transfer the cysts to the definitive host?
paratenic ingests oocyst, sporozoites encyst in mesenteric lymph nodes, forms tissue cysts that are infective to definitive host
37
what does the red and blue mean regarding Cystoisospora spp?
red = enteric cycle - schizogeny, gametogeny, fertilization, oocyst blue = exogenous sporulation
38
what is C. suis?
swine Cystoisospora spp
39
what is C. canis?
dog Cystoisospora spp
40
what is C. felis and C. rivolta?
cat Cystoisospora spp
41
Cystoisospora spp severity ___ with host age
decreases
42
Cystoisospora spp signs
most commonly D, dehydration, weight loss in young animals
43
Cystoisospora spp is diagnosed similarly to ____
Eimeria-induced coccidiosis
44
Cystoisospora spp treatment
TX swine is unreliable Tx dogs/cats done via sulfadimethoxine
45
Toxoplasma gondii definitive host
felids (wild and domestic)
46
how are hosts typically infected with Toxoplasma gondii?
eating tissue cysts harbored by infected intermediate hosts
47
how do oocysts sporulate for Toxoplasma gondii within the definitive host?
exogenously making it infective to intermediate hosts AND felids
48
what are the intermediate hosts of Toxoplasma gondii?
mammals and birds
49
since felids go through enteric cycle for Toxoplasma gondii, what type of cycle does the intermediate host go through?
extra-enteric cycle
50
describe the extra-enteric cycle of intermediate hosts for Toxoplasma gondii
tachyzoites develop in and rupture out of SI and mesenteric cells tachyzoites infect cells throughout body
51
what is a tachyzoite "explosion" in regards to Toxoplasma gondii
acute toxoplasmosis occurs when tachyzoites infect cells throughout body (includes placenta/fetus)
52
over time, tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii develop form ___ that contain ___ in CNS, muscle, and visceral organs
forms tissue cysts that contain bradyzoites
53
who are bradyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii infective to?
felids and intermediate hosts
54
describe the tissue cyst phase of Toxoplasma gondii
tissue cysts formed from tachyzoites chronic toxoplasmosis, life long infection
55
can the extra-enteric cycle of Toxoplasma gondii occur in felids?
YES can cause severe pathology
56
Toxoplasmosis disease pattern in young vs adult dogs/cats
most common in immunodeficient adults (endogenous AND exogenous) young animals (exogenous) congenital Toxoplasmosis is rare (would result in abortion or stillbirth)
57
signs of Toxoplasmosis in dogs/cats
pneumonitis, hepatitis, myocarditis, encephalitis, lethargy, C, dyspnea, anorexia, icterus
58
Toxoplasmosis disease pattern in small ruminants
common cause of abortion and stillbirth in sheep/goats fever, anorexia, D, dyspnea, may die to enteritis
59
Toxoplasmosis disease pattern in swine
most common in piglets congenital is rare (similar to dog/cat)
60
Toxoplasmosis disease pattern in equine and cattle
typically resistant
61
how to diagnose Toxoplasmosis
serology (ELISA) ID tachyzoites and/or tissue cysts
62
are oocysts in feline feces correlated with development of Toxoplasmosis?
NO
63
how to treat Toxoplasmosis what does Tx NOT eliminate?
Supportive care, Clindamycin **Tx does NOT eliminate bradyzoites in tissue cysts (chronic)
64
who are the definitive hosts of Neospora caninum?
dogs, dingoes, wolves, coyotes
65
who are intermediate hosts of Neospora caninum?
cattle, deer, other mammals
66
Neospora caninum epidemiology in definitive hosts
ingest tissue cysts from intermediate host has enteric cycle and extra-enteric cycle
67
Neospora caninum transmission in dogs
transplacental occurs sporadically fecal-oral
68
Neospora caninum epidemiology in intermediate host
ingest sporulated oocysts extra-enteric cycle transplacental transmission
69
what causes tissue damage/inflammation in Neospora caninum?
tachyzoites and tissue cysts
70
Neosprosis disease pattern in dogs
usually subclinical if disease - congential is most common (hindlimb paralysis, muscle atrophy) adults have CNS signs, myocarditis, dermatitis, hepatitis
71
Neosprosis disease pattern in cattle
major cause of abortion BUT is suubclinical otherwise fetus autolyzed at 4-6 months since transplacental transmission
72
Neosprosis diagnosis
serology ID tachyzoites in CSF and/or tissue cysts oocysts RARELY in dog feces
73
Neosprosis treatment in dogs
clindamycin
74
Neosprosis treatment in cattle
NONE
75
Sarcocystis epidemiology
TWO host life cycle strict host specificity
76
who is definitive host of Sarcocystis?
carnivorous and omnivorous mammals, birds, reptiles
77
how are Sarcocystis definitive hosts infected?
ingestion of tissue cysts (sarcocysts) in striayed muscle of intermediate hosts
78
who are intermediate hosts of Sarcocystis?
mammals, birds, reptiles
79
how are intermediate hosts for Sarcocystis infected?
ingestion of sporocysts that are shed from host feces extra-enteric cycle
80
what is S. neurona?
Sarcocystis of various mammals *exception to the strict host specificity rule
81
Sarcocystis infections are typically ___
subclinical
82
Sarcocystis disease pattern in horses
causes Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM) via S. neurona spinal cord lesions, brain lesions
83
Sarcocystis diagnosis done via...
serology ID schizonts, sarcocysts, tissue cysts post-mortem
84
how would you diagnose Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM)?
testing CSF for antibodies along with serology tests

Parasitology I (9 decks)

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