Trypanosomiasis & Leishmaniasis

Question 1

describe epidemiology of Trypanosoma

Answer 1

host specific
euryxenous (affect wide ranges animals)
affects mammals, bird, reptiles, amphibians

Question 2

describe visual characteristics of Trypanosoma

Answer 2

elongated, spindle shape cell
single nucleus, posterior flagellum and lots of DNA

Question 3

what is a kineoplast?

Answer 3

all the DNA within Trypanosoma

Question 4

what are the transmission routes for Trypanosoma?

Answer 4

insect vectored (salivarian or stercorarian aka via feces)
latrogenic (blood contamination, needle, etc)
transplacental

Question 5

what species are affected by tsetse- transmitted African Trypanosoma?

Answer 5

domestic ruminants
equids
pigs
dogs
cats

Question 6

where can you find tsetse- transmitted African Trypanosoma?

Answer 6

Sub-Saharan Africa

Question 7

which Trypanosoma cause Nagana disease?

Answer 7

tsetse- transmitted African
T. brucei
T. congolense
T. vivax

Question 8

how is Nagana disease transmitted?

Answer 8

bites of tsetse flies (Glossina spp)

Question 9

what are the possible disease stages of tsetse- transmitted African Trypanosomes in ruminants?

Answer 9

acute, chronic, asymptomatic

Question 10

explain the acute disease of tsetse- transmitted African Trypanosomes in ruminants

Answer 10

high parasitemia (in blood), extensive hemorrhage of mucosa and serosa surfaces of body

Question 11

explain the chronic disease of tsetse- transmitted African Trypanosomes in ruminants

Answer 11

anemic, emaciated with signs of wasting

Question 12

what disease is caused by Non-tsetse dipteran vectored trypanosomes?

Answer 12

Surra disease

Question 13

what causes Surra disease? which species?

Answer 13

T. evansi
domestic animals

Question 14

what are clinical signs of Surra disease?

Answer 14

NO pathognomonic signs or macroscopic lesions
broad signs (fever, weight loss, etc)

Question 15

what are the vectors of Surra disease?

Answer 15

Tabanid flies (horseflies)
vampire bats

Question 16

which trypanosome disease is sexually transmitted?

Answer 16

Dourine

Question 17

which species is affected by Dourine?

Answer 17

equines

Question 18

what causes Dourine in horses?

Answer 18

T. equiperdum

Question 19

explain the acute stage of Dourine

Answer 19

genitalia swelling
mucoid discharge

Question 20

how is Dourine transmitted?

Answer 20

direct sexual contact

Question 21

what is indicated in the image of a horse limb? what stage of dourine is this?

Answer 21

“silver dollar” plaque
appears as the acute stage comes to an end

Question 22

explain the chronic stage of dourine

Answer 22

emaciation
paresis
fever
death

Question 23

how would you clinically diagnose Nagana disease?

Answer 23

direct visualization of trypanosomes
indirect fluorescent assay, ELISA (high specificity and sensitivity)

Question 24

how would you clinically diagnose Surra disease?

Answer 24

microscope exam
PCR
ELISA (for T. evansi)

Question 25

how would you clinically diagnose Dourine?

Answer 25

serology (NOT specific) complement fixation test

Question 26

which two species are not easily differentiated in serology for diagnosing Dourine?

Answer 26

T. brucei and T. evansi *must take other clinical signs into account

Question 27

what's the disease caused by American triatomine-transmitted trypanosomes?

Answer 27

Chagas disease

Question 28

what causes Chagas disease?

Answer 28

T. cruzi

Question 29

Chagas disease reservoir hosts

Answer 29

opossums, armadillos, rodents, cats, monkeys, raccoons, pigs

Question 30

what's the main route of infection for Chagas disease?

Answer 30

vector borne via Triatomine/kissing bugs

Question 31

where is Chagas disease mostly reported?

Answer 31

South US Texas, Louisiana, Tennessee

Question 32

list the at-risk populations for Chagas disease

Answer 32

young dogs, working dogs, puppies from diseased moms, outdoor dogs

Question 33

what are the three phases of Chagas disease?

Answer 33

acute latent chronic

Question 34

what do the three stages of Chagas disease have in common?

Answer 34

could result in sudden death at ANY stage

Question 35

explain the acute phase of Chagas disease

Answer 35

fever, anorexia, lethargy, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, cardiac abnormalities *very broad issues

Question 36

explain the latent phase of Chagas disease

Answer 36

NO clinical signs, but sudden death could occur

Question 37

explain the chronic phase of Chagas disease

Answer 37

congestive heart failure, dilated CM, arrhythmias

Question 38

what is the standard method of diagnosing Chagas disease?

Answer 38

serology via indirect fluorescent antibody

Question 39

explain the treatment of Chagas disease

Answer 39

NO effective drugs manage symptoms

Question 40

how do you prevent Chagas disease?

Answer 40

limit contact with triatomine vectors prevent dogs from eating potentially infected animals (mice, rat) test breeding females to prevent congenital transmission

Question 41

describe epidemiology and biology of Leishmania species

Answer 41

protozoan parasite found on ALL continents except Antarctica (including North America)

Question 42

which species is most affected by Leishmania?

Answer 42

DOGS

Question 43

list the modes of transmission of Leishmania

Answer 43

vector borne by sandflies latrogenic transmission via blood transfusion transplacental

Question 44

what's the most common cause of canine Leishmaniasis?

Answer 44

L. infantum

Question 45

what are the risk factors for dog infection of Leishmaniasis?

Answer 45

>2 years old prolonged exposure to outdoors lack of tropical insecticide use short haircoat

Question 46

is it common for dogs to develop life threatening disease from Leishmania?

Answer 46

NO, they usually eliminate the infection or remain sub-clinically infected (possible reactivation later in life)

Question 47

what's the incubation period for Leishmania?

Answer 47

long time, about 7 years

Question 48

what is this?

Answer 48

cutaneous Leishmaniasis

Question 49

describe what occurs with cutaneous Leishmaniasis

Answer 49

alopecia, scaling, ulceration many dogs also develop onychogryphosis (long, brittle nails)

Question 50

what is this?

Answer 50

visceral Leishmaniasis

Question 51

describe the signs of visceral Leishmaniasis

Answer 51

fever, weight loss, oral ulcers, progressive lymphadeno/spleno-megaly, mucosal pallor due to anemia, rarely hepatomegaly

Question 52

what does the development of autoantibodies and circulating immune complexes lead to in patients with visceral Leishmaniasis?

Answer 52

immune mediated thrombocytopenia and/or thrombocytopathia epistaxis or melana, lameness, joint swelling

Question 53

how would you diagnose canine Leishmaniasis?

Answer 53

clinical suspicion and history (travel history) microscopy serology PCR

Question 54

what are the two common pathogenesis of canine Leishmaniasis?

Answer 54

cutaneous and visceral