Trichomoniasis & Histomoniasis

Question 1

what are Trichomonads?

Answer 1

symbionts of GI and GU tract of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians
monoxenous
trophozoite multiples via binary fission

Question 2

Trichomonads key structures

Answer 2

anterior flagella
undulating membrane and posterior free flagellum
axostyle

Question 3

label the parts of a Trichomonads

Answer 3

Question 4

describe the cyst stage of Trichomonads

Answer 4

NO thick-walled cyst stage
**unlike in Giardia
some have pseudocysts

Question 5

Tritrichomonas foetus epidemiology and animals effected?

Answer 5

found worldwide
cattle, dogs, cats, humans, swine

Question 6

location and transmission of Tritrichomonas foetus in cattle

Answer 6

reproductive tract
sexual transmission

Question 7

location of Tritrichomonas foetus in dogs and cats

Answer 7

large intestine

Question 8

location of Tritrichomonas in swine

Answer 8

nasal cavity and GI tract

Question 9

disease pattern and signs for females in Bovine Tritrichomonas

Answer 9

vagina, uterus, uterine tubes.
Signs - infertility, early abortion, uterine discharge, pyometra.
infection clears within 3 months post-breeding

Question 10

disease pattern and signs for males in Bovine Tritrichomonas

Answer 10

penile and preputial membranes, distal urethra
Signs - asymptomatic and often chronic

Question 11

how to clinically diagnose Bovine Tritrichomonas

Answer 11

ID trophozoites in sample/culture
CULTURE VIA INPOUCH TF BOVINE !!!

Question 12

treatment for Bovine Tritrichomonas (T. foetus)

Answer 12

Ipronidazole for bulls
treated bulls can become re-infected

Question 13

what is Tritrichomonas foetus?

Answer 13

Bovine Tritrichomonas

Question 14

what is Tritrichomonas blagburni?

Answer 14

feline Tritrichomonas

Question 15

Tritrichomonas blagburni epidemiology

Answer 15

found worldwide in cats
large bowel
fecal-oral transmission
most often in shelter cats

Question 16

feline trichomoniasis location in body and signs

Answer 16

colon/cecum, ileum
signs - chronic D (may have blood/mucus), flatulence, lethargy, anorexia, weight loss
some are asymptomatic

Question 17

how to diagnose feline trichomoniasis

Answer 17

ID trophozoites in fecal sample/culture
INPOUCH TF FELINE for culture
PCR (less common)

Question 18

what is trichomoniasis likely misidentified as?

Answer 18

Giardia

Question 19

how to treat feline trichomoniasis?

Answer 19

NONE FDA APPROVED

Question 20

what is Pentatrichomonas hominis?

Answer 20

canine trichomoniasis

Question 21

Pentatrichomonas hominis epidemiology

Answer 21

found worldwide
in large intestine of primates, canines, felids, rodent, swine
fecal-oral transmission

Question 22

canine trichomoniasis aka ___ is considered a rare ___ in dogs

Answer 22

P. hominis
rare commensal parasite in dogs

Question 23

how to diagnose Pentatrichomonas hominis

Answer 23

microscopy, culture, PCR

Question 24

what is Histomonas meleagridis?

Answer 24

bird trichomoniasis

Question 25

Histomonas meleagridis epidemiology

Answer 25

found worldwide infects bird ceca, can spread to liver

Question 26

what's the Histomonas meleagridis pleomorphic form?

Answer 26

flagellated luminal form amoeboid tissue-dwelling

Question 27

Histomonas meleagridis transmission

Answer 27

cecal nematode (Heterakis gallinarum is vector) cloacal drinking possibly fecal-oral

Question 28

how does cloacal drinking occur in Histomonas meleagridis?

Answer 28

cloaca contracts infected feces -> histomonads drawn into GI tract -> ceca

Question 29

Histomonas meleagridis disease patterns

Answer 29

necrotic lesions on cecal wall or liver cecal perforation lethargy, drooping wings, decreased flight, yellow D

Question 30

Histomonas meleagridis diagnosis

Answer 30

gross pathology of ceca/liver microscope exam culture PCR

Question 31

Histomonas meleagridis treatment

Answer 31

NONE approved for food producing birds

Question 32

Histomonas meleagridis prevention

Answer 32

separate turkeys from chickens control Heterakis gallinarum get birds off ground

Question 33

what is Trichomonas gallinae?

Answer 33

columbiform bird (pigeon and dove) Trichomonas

Question 34

Trichomonas gallinae epidemiology

Answer 34

found worldwide (N. America pigeons) affects upper digestive tract (oropharynx, esophagus, crop), liver

Question 35

who is the main host of Trichomonas gallinae?

Answer 35

columbiform birds (pigeon, dove)

Question 36

where is Trichomonas gallinae starting to emerge?

Answer 36

Britain and parts of Europe

Question 37

Trichomonas gallinae transmission

Answer 37

infected crop milk, courtship behavior = columbiforms ingestion of contaminated water/food

Question 38

Trichomonas gallinae disease patterns

Answer 38

caseous, necrotic lesions... - upper digestive tract canker - liver issues mild to severe pathology lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, salivation, caseous matter in/around mouth, foul mouth odor

Question 39

Trichomonas gallinae diagnosis

Answer 39

gross pathology (caseous oral lesions) microscope culture (INPOUCH TF) PCR

Question 40

Trichomonas gallinae treatment

Answer 40

NO approved meds for food producing birds surgical debridement of obstructive oral lesions

Question 41

Trichomonasis in captive reptiles

Answer 41

intestinal is common, may cause enteric disease Tx with Metronidazole