According to Grice, what are the 4 maxims that guide conversations?
- Quality
- Quantity
- Relevance
- Manner
Cooperative principle
Suggests that we strive to communicate w/ one another sincerely & effectively.
Maxim of quailty
Suggests that whenever we engage in a conversation we strive to be truthful.
Maxim of quantity
Suggests that each of us should contribute an appropriate amount to our conversation.
Maxim of relevance
Suggests that we strive to remain on topic in a conversation.
Maxim of manner
- Suggests that people should be CLEAR in their communication and pay attention to normal standards of conduct.
- For example: You would not speak in a disrespectful manner to someone in a position of authority.
Relations with conversational partner
•Suggests that we should rely on our previous experience with our partners in our conversation.
Rule violations
- Suggests that when violating one of the other maxims on needs to signal that violation.
- May be expressed in sarcasm
What do Sue & Sue categorize non verbal communication into?
- Proxemics
- Kinesics
- Paralanguage
- High & low context communication
Kinesics
Aspects of communication that deal with body movements, which include: facial expression, hand gestures & eye contact.
Paralanguage
Non-verbal cues in conversation, such as loudness of voice, silences & rates of speech.
High-context communication
- Communication in which the context conveys much of the meaning.
- Implicit
- Tea & banana in Malaysia example - context suggested their children were not a good match.
Low-context communication
- Language-dependent communication, in which the words carry out most of the meaning and context plays a lesser role.
- Explicit
Direct communication
- Literal, blunt, to the point communication
* Associated with low-context communication
Indirect communication
- Communication that relies upon context and the receivers ability to draw inferences.
- Associated with high-context communication
What are the 7 issues identified when African Americans interacted with White Americans?
- Negative stereotyping
- Acceptance
- Personal expressiveness - speak from heart not the head
- Authenticity - truthful
- Understanding - understand African American exprience
- Goal attainment - mutual understanding btwn. 2 conversational partners.
- Power dynamics. (1) powerlessness (2) Assertiveness - code switch to gain control of the conversation.
Tag Questions
- Questions added to a statement of assertion. Ex: “This is good, don’t you think?”
- Used more by women
Qualifiers
• Words or phrases that soften statements, such as “I may be wrong but . . . “
Additive Bilingualism
•The acquisition of a second language that does not replace the native language
Subtractive bilingualism/language attrition
When the acquisition of a second language replaces the native language.
Native bilingualism
The ability to speak two languages, from birth because both languages are spoken in the household.
