Cultural diversity

Question 1

Cultural diversity

Answer 1

UNESCO: “Set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of society or a social group, that encompasses, not only art and literature, but lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs”

Question 2

3 Factors

Answer 2

1. Internal representation, subjective and from an individuals perspective
   - Knowledge, competencies, belonging, values, attitudes and beliefs
2. Social behaviour
   - The way you act individually and w others within diff circumstances and contexts
3. External cultural elements
   - Clothing, artefacts etc

Question 3

Why it is important to take into account

Answer 3

Diversity in Europe is big (immigrants, workers, refugees etc.)

Eg post-war labor immigrants are now at an age at which a lot need neuropsychological assessment

The mosts neuropsych tests are based off of WEIRD people (westeren educated industrialized rich democratics)
- These are based on knowledge from education (Luria)

Question 4

Education in culture

Answer 4

Can be seen as a sub-type of culture;
- It transmits knowledge but also trains certain capacities, attitudes and methods of reasoning

• Education is obligated in Europe but a privilege in other countries

Little to no education effects:
- Global cognitive functioning
- Motor functions
- Mental calculation an numerical processing
- Language
- Visual and spatial perception
- Memory

Question 5

Misdiagnosis

Answer 5

Very common in cultural diverse population.

Eg the TMT: time perception effects and literacy affect how you perform

A map test; being used to relying on objects to navigate instead of technology effects how you perform

Tests very often use objects that are not common for all cultures

Question 6

Language

Answer 6

The nature of language can affect the way people think:
- naming of images
- Months backwards
- Reading right to left (visual sweep)
- Categorization
- Digit span

Question 7

Social and emotion recognition cross-culture tests

Answer 7

Just translating tests is not enough, neither is making it cross-cultural
- The ones that are mostly made cross-cultural is emotion recognition tasks

Especially for social cognition tests are lacking, especially culturally diverse

Predominant gaps:
- Reporting adaptation standards and methodology
- Many cultures are not represented
- Few studies on validating effect in elderly
- Few studies include population w little to no education

Question 8

Age-related cognitive decline across cultures

Answer 8

May differ, eg laborers who worked heavy machinery
- Hearing impairments greatly affect cognitive decline
- Estimates of dementia prev differ greatly across

In some cultures the prev of risk factors is a lot higher
- Diabetes
- Low education
- Hypertension
- Depression