Cultural Psychology

Question 1

what is ontological invariance?

Answer 1

when psychological traits are real and cannot change across time

Question 2

what is ontological invariance drawn from?

Answer 2

natural sciences, arguing it is possible to find universal truths of mind and behaviour irrespective of culture

Question 3

evidence of the internal-external loop

Answer 3

human beings are shaped by their culture and help to shape their culture

Question 4

what does the internal-external loop present?

Answer 4

a philosophical challenge to finding invariant ontological laws

Question 5

what is culture?

Answer 5

something that encompasses the social behaviour and norms of human societies

Question 6

culture is an enduring _______ of and _______ of humans

Answer 6

product
influence

Question 7

what is it important for research to avoid developing?

Answer 7

theories that are culture-bound or culture-blind

Question 8

emic perspective

Answer 8

within a culture and their similarities

Question 9

etic perspective

Answer 9

outside a culture and their differences

Question 10

cross-cultural psychology argues…

Answer 10

humans have psychological capabilities because of biology and inheritance

culture fits into the variation between societies

Question 11

cultural psychology argues…

Answer 11

psychological capabilities are shaped by culture and society, but constrained by biology

Question 12

how can culture be conceptualised?

Answer 12

individualistic or collectivistic

Question 13

individualistic cultures

Answer 13

emphasise the needs of the individual over the needs of the group

Question 14

collectivistic

Answer 14

emphasise the needs of the group over the needs of the individual

Question 15

what is it important for cultural research to consider?

Answer 15

the unique intracultural (within culture) and transcultural (between culture) heterogeneity to avoid stereotyping cultures as either notion

Question 16

explanatory coexistence

Answer 16

considers human beings in diverse cultures can integrate multiple explanations, either natural or supernatural

Question 17

why was psychological research in the 1800s uninterested in culture?

Answer 17

due to their experimental interest in the mind, which was influenced by natural sciences and neurology

Question 18

what did wundt see culture as?

Answer 18

important but not scientifically measurable

Question 19

what did behaviourism see culture as?

Answer 19

just a set of learned behaviours

Question 20

what is anthropology concerned with?

Answer 20

the scientific study of humanity and societies

Question 21

social anthropology

Answer 21

studies patterns of behaviour

Question 22

cultural anthropology

Answer 22

studies cultural norms and values

Question 23

what research was conduced in anthropology?

Answer 23

non-western ethnographic studies

during the height of colonialism, so may be informed by erroneous racial ideas

Question 24

bartlett (1932) war of the ghosts

Answer 24

found evidence of the constructive nature of memory being influenced by cultural schemas

Question 25

what has the assumption of western psychology as ontological invariance contributed to?

Answer 25

oppression and poorer research quality

Question 26

why is awareness of culture important?

Answer 26

to consider the validity and universality of psychological concepts

Question 27

what did dudgeon et al. (2014) find?

Answer 27

western intelligence tests were biased towards their own cultural context to justify prejudice

Question 28

culture should also be considered in the roots of _____, and why?

Answer 28

theory galton's research into psychometrics and intelligence heritability was informed by eugenics

Question 29

how can sociocultural factors influence intelligence by social inequality?

Answer 29

- SES mediates the relationship between intelligence and wellbeing - intelligence tests defined as IQ tests discriminate against lower SES

Question 30

cultural reasons that medical interventions may fail

Answer 30

assume western medical practices and have a lack of cultural understanding

Question 31

evidence to suggest culture is involved in perception, explanation, and treatment

Answer 31

certain psychiatric syndromes are confined to particular cultures, seen in DSMV AND ICD10

Question 32

WEIRD people

Answer 32

western, educated, industrialised, rich, democratic

Question 33

what are WEIRD people outliers in?

Answer 33

tasks requiring: - visual perception - fairness - cooperation - spatial reasoning - categorisation - inferential induction

Question 34

what do WEIRD people consist of?

Answer 34

80% of research subjects and 12% world population

Question 35

67% of studies are conducted on...

Answer 35

university students aged 18-21

Question 36

which additional factor was suggested for the big five test following cross-cultural research?

Answer 36

honesty-humility

Question 37

what is cross-cultural research limited to?

Answer 37

urban literate populations

Question 38

what personality factors were found after consideration of other types of culture?

Answer 38

pro-sociality and industriousness

Question 39

unique personality trats from underrepresented populations suggest...

Answer 39

behaviour is explained by deeply embedded cultural practices