Group Membership and Peer Relationships

Question 1

what are groups?

Answer 1

a collection of people that interact with other members, and are structured through roles, expectations, and shared associations

Question 2

types of groups

Answer 2

1. incidental groups
2. membership groups
3. identity reference groups

Question 3

incidental groups

Answer 3

brought together for a short period of time with minimal involvement and committment

Question 4

membership groups

Answer 4

have shared long-lasting commitments to common goals

Question 5

identity reference groups

Answer 5

identification through shared values and norms

Question 6

campbell (1958) suggested group distinction is informed by ________

Answer 6

entativity

Question 7

entativity

Answer 7

the properties of a group that makes it distinct

Question 8

how did moreland and levine (1982) identify the process of group socialisation?

Answer 8

1. investigation
2. socialisation
3. maintenance
4. resocialisation
5. remembrance

Question 9

social explanations for group membership

Answer 9

• sociometer theory
• terror management
• uncertainity-identity theory

Question 10

sociometer theory

Answer 10

leary and baumeister (2000) found group membership is motivated by self-esteem and desire to be included, which increases their social connection with others

Question 11

terror management theory

Answer 11

membership is motivated by fear of death and group membership reduces feelings of terror and existential anxiety

Question 12

uncertainty-identity theory

Answer 12

group membership helps to define uncertain identity and entativity is influential in providing this

Question 13

how are dispositional traits influential in group identity formation?

Answer 13

personality traits, such as conscientiousness, correlated with civic national identity

openness to experience was negatively associated with ethnic nationhood

Question 14

ethnic nationhood

Answer 14

belonging based on ethnocultural sameness

Question 15

civic nationhood

Answer 15

adhering to national political culture

Question 16

evidence that identification is a product of personality

Answer 16

neuroticism was not useful for identification with nation or the army, but conscientiousness and agreeableness were correlated with group identification

Question 17

what are roles?

Answer 17

patterns of behaviour to distinguish between group activities and differentiate between people for the greater good of the group

Question 18

correspondence bias

Answer 18

the incorrect assumption that performed group behaviour is equitable to and reflective of dispositional traits

Question 19

what do high-status role holders have?

Answer 19

consensual prestige and a tendency to initiate ideas

Question 20

how can group hierarchies change over time?

Answer 20

because of social comparison within the group

Question 21

expectation states theory

Answer 21

roles are a consequence of status-based expectations, as diffuse traits are generalised across irrelevant situations

Question 22

specific status characteristics

Answer 22

useful attributes to complete a group task

Question 23

diffuse status characteristics

Answer 23

widely positively regarded attributes, but these are not task-specific

Question 24

who are leaders?

Answer 24

someone who will take a pivotal role within a group to achieve common goals

Question 25

what is a prototype?

Answer 25

an ideal representation of a group used to evaluate others, and these have significant influence and occupy leadership roles

Question 26

social explanations of leadership

Answer 26

social identity theory

Question 27

social identity theory

Answer 27

identity is built through group membership and comparison to other groups leadership prototypicality was success when they were aspirational and the group had longevity

Question 28

individual explanations of leadership

Answer 28

- personality traits - subordinate characteristics

Question 29

how are personality traits associated with leadership?

Answer 29

extraversion and neuroticism were the strongest and weakest correlates with leadership

Question 30

how is leadership reliant on subordinate characteristics?

Answer 30

high subordinate agreeableness was associated with transformational leadership, whereas neuroticism was related to passive-avoidance

Question 31

what are peer relationships?

Answer 31

a specific form of group membership affiliations between individuals with shared characteristics, fostered through social interactions

Question 32

what are friendships?

Answer 32

a special form of dyadic, voluntary peer relationship

Question 33

functions of peer relationships

Answer 33

- social, emotional, and behavioural functioning - reinforce identity development - develop skills

Question 34

social, emotional, and behavioural functioning

Answer 34

peer networks are predictors of academic motivation, achievement, and social functioning

Question 35

reinforce identity development

Answer 35

association with peers allows for the development of a sense of identity based on a need to belong

Question 36

develop skills

Answer 36

learning to engage in cooperative activities, understanding social structures, and how to mobilise aggression

Question 37

social theories of peer relationships

Answer 37

- social learning theory - social identity theory

Question 38

social learning theory

Answer 38

behaviour is learned through modelling peer behaviour, which can be maintained through reward and punishment

Question 39

social identity theory

Answer 39

the behaviour of individuals who identify with the group are likely to be directed by group identity and norms

Question 40

individual theories of peer relationships

Answer 40

- personality traits - homophily

Question 41

how do personality traits influence peer relationships?

Answer 41

extraversion, agreeableness, and self-esteem are strong predictors of the number and quality of friendships

Question 42

how does homophily influence peer relationships?

Answer 42

group success was associated with similarity in individual personality traits, such as conscientiousness and neuroticism

Question 43

situational theories of peer relationships

Answer 43

propinquity

Question 44

propinquity

Answer 44

people are likely to become friends with those they see and interact with more based on mere exposure effect