CULTURE AND IDENTITY ALL SOCIOLGISTS Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
Who outlined ‘the self’ - internal sense of uniqueness?
A
Mead
2
Q
Who argued stigma is formed based on?
- Physical defects
- Personal weaknesses
- Social stigmas
A
Goffman
3
Q
Who distinguished between passive, active and policised identities?
A
Bradley
4
Q
Who researched 3 tribes and found out gender was a ssocial construction as their behaviour patterns based on gender differed?
A
Margaret Mead
5
Q
Who outlined 4 types of masculinity? What are the types?
A
Connell
- Hegemonic
- Complicit
- Subordinate
- Marginalised
6
Q
Who argued family reinforces gender identities via 4 ways? What are the ways?
A
Oakley
- manipulation
- canalisation
- verbal appellations
- domestic activities
7
Q
Who found 5 gender codes? What are the codes?
A
Statham
- colour
- appearance
- toy
- play
- control
8
Q
Who argued media portrays masculinity as dominant and femininity as subordinate?
A
Billington
9
Q
Who found there is an increased sexualisation and objectification of women’s images in games/music videos?
A
Coughlan
10
Q
Who found there were 10 times more wight loss ads in female magazines?
A
Tebbel
11
Q
Who argued New Lad - an aggressive opposition to the new man? e.g. roadmen
A
O’Hagan
12
Q
Who argued the education is feminised with more male teachers and coursework?
A
Sewell
13
Q
Who argued that newspapers started portraying women more positively?
A
McRobbie
14
Q
Who found 18-24 year olds were discarding gender stereotypes and accepting non-hegemonic values?
A
Wilkinson
15
Q
Who argued women can have it all, but a superwoman is burnt out?
A
Whelehan
16
Q
Whou argued lesbians have loqwer social profiles than men?
A
Taylor
17
Q
Who argued the belief that we’re born with sexuality grew from 17th century, whereas actually sexual preference is about choice?
A
Cronin
18
Q
Who argued bourgeoisie repressed non-procreative sexuality?
A
Foucault
19
Q
Who found than many gey men attempted suicide as they struggled in homophobic society?
A
Dorias
20
Q
Who argued beauty stakes have gone up for men too?
A
McRobbie
21
Q
Who argued that society’s barriers disables people, not the disability itself?
A
Oliver
22
Q
Who atgued negative view of diability is a result of capitalism emphasising work as a source of identity?
A
Finkelstein
23
Q
Who argued ‘leaderned helplessness’ whereby blind people internalised the medical view that they must rely on sighted people?
A
Scott
24
Q
Who argued stereotypes of helplessness affect how disabled perceive themselves → SFP
A
Watson
25
Who argued disabled are represented as objects of pity?
Longmore
26
Who argued media focuses on disability over personality?
Cumberbatch & Negrine
27
Who argued lack of diabled in the media leads to no one challenging stereotypes?
Wood
28
Who argued disabled are either seen as innocents or as perverts?
Brown
29
Who argued disabled woemen are seen as sex-less?
Killianes & Rubenfeld
30
In proof of social constructionism of disability, why argued disabled children have as high self-worth as able bodied?
Antle
31
Who argued disabled start to feel more positivty about their self-image?
Olney & Kim
32
Who argued nation is characterised by the collection of stories, symbols and images?
Hall
33
Who argued ceremonies and rituals are integrating mechanisms that create national identities creating social solidarity and nationalism?
Durkheim
34
Who argued socialisation into British identity happens via:
- language → English
- rituals → e.g. coronation
- education - British values
- symbols - flag
- media - royalty
Schudson
35
Who argued the sense of Birtish identity is created around:
1. Religion - protestanism
2. Monarchy
3. Geography
4. War
5. British empire
Guibernau & Goldblatt
36
Who argued media transmits national myths, symbols and rituals?
Terzis
37
Who argued unified religion leads to value consensus?
Durkheim
38
Who argued hybrid identities blur national identity?
Hall
39
Who argued negative national identities, whereby we define ourselves as something we are not, leading to hostility?
Orr
40
Who outlined 3 reasons why British identity weakens:
- Celtic identities
- Multiculturalism
- English identity
Waters
41
Who found Asians didn't feel comfortable identifying as British?
Modood
42
Who argued national identity is maintained through heritage tourism? (hence is still important)
Palmer
43
Who argued there is no single black identity?
Gilroy
44
Who argued peer pressure is influential in shaping ethnic identity?
Sewell
45
Who argued Asian identities differ from each other?
Modood
46
Who argued dual identity?
Johal
47
Who argued the 'white mask' which people have above their true ethnic identity?
Fanlon
48
Who found that British Pakistani Muslims used ismalic symbols to create a positive identity which would otherwise be defined negative by islamohpobic culture?
Jacobson
49
Who argued more girls wear hijab due to peer pressure to mark their identity as Muslim?
Mirza
50
Who argued South Asian families emohasised the importance of loyalty to the family and religion, teaching their children obedience and discipline?
Ghuman
51
Who found that 85% of Muslim girls expected an arranged marriage?
Hennink
52
Who argued there's a rise in conflict of Asian boys wanting to marry a British girl → standards are changing?
Bhatti
53
Who argue Asian pupils were victims of teacher labelling?
Wright
54
Who argued teachers held stereotypes f 'black machismo' V students coped by forming peer group subcultures reinforcing traditional ethnic identities?
Sewell
55
Who argued media presents macho black identity among young African Caribbeans through rap songs and gangster films?
Sewell
56
Who found that media in 00's was reporting muslims as terrorists?
Phillips
57
Who found that muslim groups were likely to identify themselves as British as a commitment to Birtish values?
Nandi & Platt
58
Who argued religion has a different degree of influence to different ethnic groups? Was the most important for Pakistani/Bangladeshi and least for white?
Modood
59
Who argured mosque is central to muslim identity, helping parents socialise their children?
Ghuman
60
Who argued relision is important socialising agent and Islam is an important source of identity for Pakistani as they try to resists racism?
Jacobson
61
Who argued first generation Polish in Manchester had their culture, wherease their children's identity was similar to non-Polish?
Bielewska
62
Who argued it is harder to identify with certain ethncitiy as aspects of minority ethnic culture become widespread? e.g. Afrobeats
Hall
63
Who found that British Asians engage in leisure such as football, previously associated with white males?
Burdsey
64
Who argud young generation adop values alien to their parent's ethnic identity?
Anwar
65
Who argued majority of Muslims are well-integrated into British society?
Mirza
66
Who argued ethnic identity is a way of resisting racism?
Sewell
67
Who argued traditional upper class develop social networks through elite education?
Scott
68
Who argued taste is a symbol of middle class identity?
Lawler
69
Who argued middle class ridicule working class by calling them chavs?
Owen Jones
70
Who argued traditional working class have strong moral values and respect in community?
Hogart
71
Who found that life expectancy was higher for middle and upper classes?
Acheson
72
Whose poll found that 89% of youth believed social class affected their life?
Guardian poll
73
Which survey found that 95% of people identified with certain social class?
British attitudes survey
74
Who argued cultural capital arising from class is more important than income?
Bourdieu
75
Who argued there's a strong class-culture relationship?
Bennett
76
Who argued class subcultures have weakened s choices become more individualistic?
Lash & Urry
77
Which organisation found there are 7 classes?
BBC
78
Who argued age is a social construction because it enables and constrains us?
March & Keating
79
Who argued childhood identities have changed: little adults before → children now
Aries
80
Who argued childhood is disappering → adulpts become infantilised and children become adultised?
Postman
81
Who argued growing life expectancy → more people over 65 than under 15 → older people are younger, fitter and healthier?
Spijker & MacInnes
82
Who found that youth subcultures involve bricolage? (ordinary objects are combined to create new style)
Hebdige
83
Who argued youth subcultures are a way of dealing with status frustration? (due to economic dependence and extended education)
Parsons
84
Who argued youth styles are cultures of resistance to the dominant ideology?
Hall & Jefferson
85
Who argued mod style is a reaction of low middle class youth to boredom?
Hebdige
86
Who argued skinheads were trying to recreate lost traditional working class community?
Clarke & Hebdige
87
Who argued youth subcultures aren't based on class or ethnicity, but are created by the media?
Cohen
88
Who argued youth subcultures such as punks/skinheads were male-dominated?
McRobbie
89
Who found that girls' roles in youth subcultures become similar to men's?
Hollands
90
Who argued we have a supermarket style where people can put together bricolage identities?
Polhemus
91
Who argued youth subcultures are replaced by media generated taste-based club/music cutlures? Youth adopt those from media and make a part of their identity?
Thornton
92
Who argued we should see youth subculures as neo-tribalism whereby they are no longer fixed?: youth makes the choice to identify with something for some time
Bennett
93
Who argued age is often passdive, individual identity, because:
- It's temporary
- most powrful groups are in the middle
Bradley
94
Who argued work produces us → profession, status, working hours, norms?
Gini
95
Who argued there are 3 links between work and leisure? Opposition, neutrality, extension
Parker
96
Who evaluated Parker's idea of 3 links between work and leisure by saying that it ignores unpaid work, such as housework/childcare?
Scraton & Bramham
97
Who argued unemployed experience anomie arising from rapid social change?
Durkheim
98
Who argued lack of work identity → diminished experience of adulthood?
Gini
99
Who argued work provides us with self-esteem? e.g. even people who lost their jobs had a working mentality
Riach & Loretto
100
Who found that work plays an important role in persional/societal needs:
- it's not as insecure
- it's not deskilling
- there are high levels of job satisfaction
Doherty
101
Who argued that leisure is more important than work for an identity?
Roberts
102
Who argued the term 'lifestyle' suggests constructing identity through what you buy?
Day
103
Who argued material goods are the extension of the self, symbolising what kind of person you are?
Dittmar
104
Who argued wealthy use disposable income to show off their wealth? - Conspicuous consumption
Veblen
105
Who argued 'performing self' - buying goods to show what kind of person you are?
Susman
106
Who argued consumer culture can be characterised by:
- more products
- shopping as a source of id
- consumption online
- availability of credit
- branding and advertising everywhere
- linked to illness e.g. binge shopping
Lury
107
Who argued mass consumption and leisure has led to passive working class?
Adorno
108
Who argued gender is the key influence on identity and they way we spend our money and time?
Green
109
Who argued meta-narratives no longer explain the identities we adapt?
Lyotard
110
Who argued consumption allows us to create an identity we wish to project on others? We are 'buying' identity
Bocock
111
Who argued leisure has become a highliy organised and commercialised multinational industry?
Clarke & Critcher
112
Whose research revealed that women's leisure is often combined with childcare and patrriarchy restricted women's leisure to that approved by men?
Deem
113
Who argued postmodern idea of free leisure ignores financial constraints?
Scratton & Bramham
114
Who argued class is linked to identity and leisure? e.g. w/c engage in pop culture
Bourdieu
115
Who argued work defines our leisure?
- w/c → manual work → extrinsic rewards (job is done for the wage, rather than enjoyemnt) → lesiure providing escapism
- m/c → instrinsic satisfaction (job = fulfillment) → leisure associated with work
Parker
116
Who argued globalisation caused: economic, political and cultural connetions?
O'Bryne
117
Who argued glocalisation undermines a string sense of identity creating an 'unstable identity'?
Bauman
118
Who argued glocalisation creates fluidity affecting establidhed identities → hybrid identities
Ray
119
Who argued brands like McDonalds undermine local identities → emergence of anti-global identities?
Klein
120
Who argued time-space compression → improved communication?
Harvey
121
Who argued the emergence of new technologies paved a way to the global culture? e.g. satellite tv
Flew
122
Who argued American fast-food promoted standardised culture across communities?
Ritzer
123
Who aregued British are very globalised: travel far, consume different food, drive standardised cars?
Marsh & Keating
124
Who argued identitiy cannot be changed at will because it is linked to gender, age?
Jenkins
125
Who argued social inequalities like class/gender are still important, although they're not as strong s before?
Bradley
126
Who argued mass culture undermines high culture as it's easier to enjoy and it turns adults into childrne by making them consume child-like products?
McDonald
127
Who argued high culture is seen as superior to mass culture because the r/c has reosurce to impose their values?
Bourdieu
128
Who argued consumption through advertisement undermines people's ability to think critically?
Marcuse
129
Who argued mass culture is the new opium of people?
Miliband
130
Who argued pop culture evolves as a counter-hegemonic bloc?
Gramsci
131
Who argued high and low culture are becoming one?
Strinati
132
Who argued pop culture reflects people's norms and values?
Hall
133
Which elite theorist argued high culture is seen as pursuit of perfection by a sophisticated minority?
Arnold
134
Who argued high culture = high status and seen as a pinnacle of human creation?
Haralambos & Holborn
135
Who argued high culture is the preserve of very few in society?
Davis
136
Who argued some find it difficult to find their position in the structure of society → they become outsiders, identifying with other people like them? They often invert the mainstream values
Cohen
137
Who argued ruling class try to impose dominant ideology through hegemony?
Hall and Jefferson
138
Who argued all black people's hairstyles are political?
Sewell
139
Who argued individuals are puppets on a string, soaking up their socialisation?
Taylor
140
Who argued that socialisation process is an identity formation based on similarities/differences to others?
Jenkins
141
Who argued humans attach meanings to symbols through an interpretive phase?
Mead
142
Who argued civilising process whereby once accepable behaviour becomes unacceptable?
Elias
143
Who argued children are able to identify with a certain gender at 2-3 years old?
Durkin
144
Who argued socialisation involves social control hence encourages conformity?
Morgan
145
Who argued socialisation is a 2 way process where both children and parents are involved?
Giddens
146
Who argued primary socialisation provides children with an identity through imitative play?
Baumeister
147
Who argued women are excluded from being a preist?
Armstrong
148
Who argued socialisation requires social interaction e.g. learning empathy through interaction? Parents have relative freedom in what they teach their children
Handel
149
Who defined culture as everything transmitted socially rather than biologically?
Marshall
150
Who argued culture is a product of biology because sharing cultural experiences is based on genetic to continue life?
Morris
151
Who argued that 2 mechanisms ensure conforminty: socialisation and social control?
Parsons
152
Who argued socialisation through education is active and children engage in it?
Dennis Wrong
153
Who argued primary socialisation is active?
Giddens
154
Who argues society is constantly changing, hence there's a risk of chaos and uncertainty?
Pakulski and Waters
155
Who argued society is fragmenting with growing diversity?
Pakulski and Waters
156
Who argued there's a rise of 3d age whereby old people are active and spending?
Laslett
157
Who argued identities are influences by mainstream pop culture, celebrating consumerism and choice?
Strinati
158
Who argued society resembles a shopping mall where people have choice in consumption?
Taylor
159
Who outlined?
- Interaction order
- Identification
- Civili inattention
- Impression management
- SFP
Goffman
160
Who argued meanings arise form interactions and are changeable?
Blumer
161
Who argued looking glass self whereby we imagine how we appear to others and change our behaviour accordingly?
Cooley
162
Who argued violence is key to male supremacy and is a part of systematic oppression?
Brownmiller
163
Who argued the ideology of familism whereby women are instisted they can only achieve fulfilment through motherhood → maintain positive feelings for capitalism to continue.
Barrett
164
Who argued dual systems of patriarchy: private and public?
Walby
165
Who argued it's not the family, but heterosexual patriarchal marriages that lead to exploitation?
Calhoun
