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Anatomy > CV system > Flashcards

CV system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the anatomical position of the mediastinum?

A

Extends from the superior thoracic aperture to the diaphragm and from the sternum and costal cartilages to the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae

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2
Q

What does the mediastinum consist of?

A

Hollow visceral structures joined by loose connective tissue

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3
Q

What does the superior mediastinum contain?

A

The roots of the great vessels and the trachea

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4
Q

What is the anatomical position of the superior mediastinum

A

Extends inferiorly from the superior thoracic aperture to the horizontal plane which includes the sternal angle and passes approximately through the junction of T4 and 5

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5
Q

Which section of the mediastinum contains the heart?

A

The middle mediastinum

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6
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

A fibrous sac that encloses the heart and pericardial cavity

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7
Q

What does the outer fibrous pericardium do?

A

Protects the heart from damage caused by overfilling

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8
Q

What are the two deep layers of the serous pericardium?

A

The parietal and visceral layer

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9
Q

What are the parietal and visceral layers also known as?

A

Epicardium

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10
Q

What do the parietal and visceral layers do?

A

Enclose the fluid filled pericardial cavity which allows the heart to beat in an almost frictionless environment

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11
Q

Where does blood leave the heart from when travelling to the lungs?

A

The right ventricle

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12
Q

What vessels does the heart travel to the lungs by?

A

Right and left pulmonary arteries via pulmonary trunk

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13
Q

What vessels takes blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart?

A

Pulmonary veins

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14
Q

Where does oxygen rich blood leave the heart from?

A

The left ventricle

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15
Q

Where does de-oxygenated blood return to the heart to and via which vessel?

A

Right atrium - inferior/superior vena cava

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16
Q

What is contraction of the ventricles known as?

A

Systole

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17
Q

What is relocation of the ventricles known as?

A

Diastole

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18
Q

What is the heart formed from?

A

Specialised cardiac muscle known as myocardium

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19
Q

What are the layers of the heart (from superficial to deep)?

A

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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20
Q

What is epicardium?

A

Connective tissue

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21
Q

What is myocardium?

A

Cardiac muscle

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22
Q

What is endocardium?

A

epithelium and connective tissue.
Lines heart and its valves
Continuous with endothelial lining of blood vessels

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23
Q

How do the walls of the ventricles compare to the atria?

A

They are thicker and muscular

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24
Q

Which ventricle is particularly muscular and why?

A

The left as it is required to pump blood around the systemic circulation

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25
Q

Describe ventricular contraction

A

Progresses in an upward spiral from the apex towards the vessels leading out of the heart

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26
Q

What is the atria separated by?

A

Interatrial septum

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27
Q

What are the ventricles separated by?

A

Interventrical septum

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28
Q

What are the four valves of the heart?

A

Tricuspid valve, mitral valve, pulmonary valve, aortic valve

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29
Q

How many cusps does the tricuspid valve have and where is it found?

A

3, between the right atria and right ventricle

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30
Q

How many cusps does the mitral valve have and where is it found?

A

2, between the left atria and left ventricle

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31
Q

How many cusps does the pulmonary valve have and where is it found?

A

3, between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

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32
Q

How many cusps does the aortic valve have and where is it found?

A

3, between the left ventricle and aorta

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33
Q

Which valves make up the atriventricular valves?

A

Tricuspid and Mitral

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34
Q

What are the shape of the atrioventricular cusps?

A

Leaf shaped

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35
Q

Which valves make up the semilunar valves?

A

Pulmonary and Aortic

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36
Q

What are the spaces behind the aortic valves known as?

A

Aortic Sinuses

37
Q

What structures ensure proper closure of the atrioventricular valves and prevent inversion.

A

Papillary muscles and chordae tendons

38
Q

What are the three structures leaving the top of the aorta from left to right?

A

Brachiocephalic Trunk, Left common carotid artery, Left subclavian artery

39
Q

Which valves are open /closed during systole?

A

AV closed, SL open

40
Q

Which valves are open/closed during diastole?

A

AV open, SL closed

41
Q

What are SL valves shaped like?

A

Pockets

42
Q

What does the first heart sound (lub) correspond to?

A

Closing of AV valves

43
Q

What does the second heart sound (dub) correspond to?

A

Closing of SL valves

44
Q

What is listening to the sounds of the heart with a stethoscope called?

A

Auscultation

45
Q

What is the right border formed from?

A

Right atrium and extends from superior to inferior vena cava

46
Q

What is the inferior border formed by?

A

Mostly by right ventricle with small contribution from left ventricle

47
Q

What is the superior border formed by?

A

Both atria. The aorta and pulmonary trunk arise from this border and the superior vena cava enters the heart at the right side of this border

48
Q

What is the left border formed by?

A

Mostly formed from the left ventricle and a small portion from the left atrium.

49
Q

What is the anterior (sternocostal) border related to?

A

Formed mostly from right ventricle and related anteriorly to the sternum and ribs

50
Q

Describe the inferior (diaphragmatic) surface

A

Formed mostly by the left and partly the right ventricle. Related inferiorly to the centre of the diaphram

51
Q

Where is the base of the heart?

A

On the posterior aspect, facing towards T6-9

52
Q

Where is the apex of the heart?

A

Posterior to the 5th intercostal space in the midclavicular line and is directed antero-inferiorly and to the left

53
Q

What are the three branches of the aorta?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk, Left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery

54
Q

What are the two branches of the brachiocephalic trunk?

A

Right subclavian artery, right common carotid artery

55
Q

What does the right subclavian artery supply?

A

right arm plus shoulder and thoracic wall

56
Q

What does the right common carotid artery supply?

A

The head and neck

57
Q

Where do the common carotid arteries arise from and where do the divide?

A

From the arch of the aorta and divide at C3

58
Q

What does the internal carotid artery supply?

A

The brain

59
Q

What does the external carotid artery supply?

A

Neck face and scalp

60
Q

Where do the coronary arteries that supply the heart rise?

A

Immediately superior to the cusps of the aortic valve, from the aortic sinuses

61
Q

What are the three aortic sinuses?

A

there are left and right sinuses from which corresponding arteries arise and a posterior sinus (no coronary arteries arise from here)

62
Q

Where does the coronary circulation drain?

A

In to the right atrium via a series of cardiac veins and the coronary sinus

63
Q

What supports the cardiac muscle?

A

The fibrous skeleton

64
Q

What is the fibrous skeleton made from?

A

Dense collagen

65
Q

What does the skeleton prevent?

A

Valves from collapsing or distending. Provides a base of attachments for leaflets and cusps of the valves

66
Q

What is the skeletons most important function?

A

Forms an electrical barrier between the atria and ventricles

67
Q

What does this barrier do?

A

Prevents the atria and ventricles contracting together

68
Q

What does the collagen in the skeleton form?

A

Four fibrous rings that surround the valves openings and two fibrous trigones which lie between the rings

69
Q

What type of muscle is cardiac muscle?

A

Striated

70
Q

What does contraction of cardiac muscle rely on?

A

The sliding filament mechanism between thick and thin filaments of sarcomeres

71
Q

What holds the cardiac muscle cells firmly together?

A

Intercalated discs by the action of desmosomes

72
Q

What do intercalated discs also allow?

A

An electrical connection allowing the electrical impulse to pass through gap junctions

73
Q

What are cardiac cells physically divided by?

A

The sarcolemma

74
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

Tight junctions between adjacent disks.

75
Q

What is the dominant pace maker in the hear?

A

The sinoatrial node

76
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

In the posterior wall of the right atrium

77
Q

How is the rythym of the heart modified?

A

Autonomic input (symp increases para decreases)

78
Q

What does the AV node act as?

A

A gateway to the ventricles from the atria for the electrical impulse

79
Q

What is the delay that the AV node induces?

A

0.1 seconds

80
Q

Why is this delay from the AV node important?

A

makes sure the atria contract before the ventricles

81
Q

Where does the electrical impulse continue to after the AV node?

A

The AV bundle through the insulating ring of the fibrous skeleton down the ventricular septum where it bifurcates in to left and right bundle branches

82
Q

What do the bundles comprise of?

A

Narrow, slow conducting fibres

83
Q

Where do the bundles terminate?

A

At an extensive network of fibres called the pujinke fibres

84
Q

Where are purjinke fibres found?

A

In the subendocardium

85
Q

What are the three layers of blood vessels?

A

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

86
Q

Describe the tunica intima

A

Inner most layer, a single sheet of endothelial cells resting on a thin layer of connective tissue which is mechanically weak. It is a barrier to plasma proteins and secreted vasoactive products

87
Q

Describe the tunica media

A

(middle layer) consists of a layer of smooth muscle in a matrix of elastin and collagen.

88
Q

Descrive the tunica adventitia

A

(outer most layer) A connective tissue sheath with no distinctive outer border that tethers loosely in place and in larger vessels contains a network of smaller blood vessels called the vasa vasorum which are responsible for nourishing the media.

89
Q

What do some large vessels also contain?

A

nociceptive sensory fibres or sympathetic nerve plexi

Anatomy (6 decks)

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