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Anatomy > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 components of the digestive system?

A

Oral Cavity, Oesophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum

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2
Q

What is simple epithelium?

A

One layer

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3
Q

What is stratified epithelium?

A

More than one layer

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4
Q

What is pseudo stratified epithelium?

A

One layer that pretends to be two

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5
Q

What is squamous epithelium?

A

Flat

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6
Q

What is columnar epithelium?

A

Column like

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7
Q

What type of epithelium are the mouth and tongue covered with?

A

Stratified squamous

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8
Q

What is underlying the stratified squamous epithelium of the tongue and mouth?

A

A submucosa containing salivary glands

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9
Q

What muscle is the major effector in moving the lower jaw?

A

temporalis

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10
Q

What muscle elevates and protrudes the jaw?

A

Masseter

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11
Q

Which muscle creates the lateral movement of the jaw?

A

Pterygoids

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12
Q

Name the three types of salivary glands and what type of saliva they secrete

A

Parotid - serous saliva. Submandibular - both serous and mucous saliva. Sublingual - mucous

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13
Q

Where are the three types of salivary gland found?

A

Parotid - biggest, behind mouth. Submandibular - medium sized, in chin. Sublingual - small, below tongue

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14
Q

Define Mucus

A

Slimy, stringy, ropey and lubricous

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15
Q

Define serous

A

Thin or watery - like serum

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16
Q

Where is saliva produced?

A

Acini

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17
Q

How is saliva produced?

A

By active filtration

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18
Q

Where is saliva modified?

A

In the ducts of the gland

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19
Q

What does parasympathetic stimulation do?

A

Produce a large volume of watery saliva

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20
Q

What does sympathetic stimulation do?

A

Produce a small volume of mucous saliva

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21
Q

How is the saliva lubricating?

A

Due to mucin content

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22
Q

How is digestion aided by saliva?

A

Prescence of alpha amylase

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23
Q

How does the saliva protect the oral mucosa?

A

Through lubrication, rinsing action and alkaline ph

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24
Q

How is the saliva antibacterial?

A

Thiocynate content

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25
Q

What may the epithelium lining the gut tube contain?

A

Goblet cells and endocrine cells

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26
Q

What do goblet cells and endocrine cells secrete?

A

Mucous and digestive hormones

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27
Q

What is the lamina propria?

A

A layer of loose connective tissue.

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28
Q

What does the lamina propria act as?

A

The first immunological barrier

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29
Q

Why does the lamina propria act as an immunological barrier?

A

Because it contains lymphatics and numerous white blood cells

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30
Q

What is the muscularismucosa?

A

A thin layer of smooth muscle cells

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31
Q

What does the muscularismucosa cause?

A

localised contractions in the mucosa

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32
Q

What is the submucosa?

A

A layer of dense connective tissue

33
Q

What does the submucosa contain?

A

The submucosal plexus

34
Q

What does the submucosal plexus control?

A

secretion and blood flow

35
Q

What does the submucosal plexus relay information from?

A

The gut epithelium and stretch receptors

36
Q

What is the muscularis externa

A

Two layers of smooth muscle

37
Q

What is the structure of the outer/inner layer of the muscularis externa?

A

Outer = longitudinal inner = circular

38
Q

What does the action of the muscularis externa create?

A

Waves of contraction/relaxation - moves food down the digestive tract (peristalsis)

39
Q

What is between the two layers?

A

The myetenic plexus

40
Q

What does the myetenic plexus control?

A

GI motility

41
Q

What is the serosa?

A

A layer of epithelium

42
Q

What does the serosa form part of?

A

the peritoneum

43
Q

What does the peritoneum line?

A

The abdominal cavity and covers abdominal organs

44
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

A branch of the autonomic nervous system

45
Q

Why is the enteric nervous system different to other autonomic branches?

A

Because it can operate independently of the CNS

46
Q

What does the enteric nervous system consist of?

A

myenteric and submucosal plexi

47
Q

Which state of swallowing is voluntary?

A

The pharyngeal stage

48
Q

What is the pharyngeal stage initiated by?

A

the muscles of the tongue pushing the bolus backwards - when it contacts the pharynx the swallow reflex is triggered

49
Q

What do the palliative muscles do?

A

lift the soft palate to block off the nasopharynx

50
Q

What is the larynx lifted by?

A

The infahyoid (muscles of the throat)

51
Q

What does the action of the innfahyoid do?

A

Moves the epiglottis over the trachea, preventing food from passing down it

52
Q

What do pharyngeal constrictors do?

A

Contract sequentially to move food down the pharynx

53
Q

Which stage of swelling is involuntary?

A

Oesophageal

54
Q

What is the oesophagus lined with?

A

Stratified squamous

55
Q

What is the lower oesophageal sphincter formed by?

A

Bands of muscle from the diaphram

56
Q

What does the muscular is externa of the upper third of the oesophagus consist of?

A

Skeletal muscle

57
Q

What do the two lower thirds of the oesophagus consist of?

A

smooth muscle

58
Q

What is the oesophagus innervated by?

A

Vagus Nerve

59
Q

What vessels supply the GI tract?

A

Branches of the abdominal aorta

60
Q

Which is the most superior branch?

A

Coeliac Trunk

61
Q

What is the middle branch?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

62
Q

What is the inferior branch?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

63
Q

What vertebral level to the coeliac trunk arise?

A

L1 (upper border)

64
Q

What vertebral level does the superior mesenteric artery arise?

A

L1 (lower border)

65
Q

What vertebral level does the inferior mesenteric artery arise?

A

L3

66
Q

What does the coeliac trunk supply?

A

organs of the superior abdomen

67
Q

What is the stomach supplied by?

A

The right and left gastric arteries, right and left gastroepiploic arteries

68
Q

What is the superior duodenum supplied by?

A

superior pancreaticoduodenal artery

69
Q

What is the liver supplied by?

A

The hepatic artery

70
Q

What is the pancreas supplied by?

A

the superior pancreatic duodenal artery and splenic artery

71
Q

What does the superior mesenteric artery supply?

A

Organs of the mid gut - the GI tract from the inferior duodenum to the left colic flexure

72
Q

What does the inferior pancreaticodudenal artery supply?

A

inferior aspects of the duodenum and pancreas

73
Q

What does the inferior pancreatic duodenal artery anatomise with?

A

the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery

74
Q

What do numerous branches of the superior mesenteric artery form?

A

Large loops known as arcades

75
Q

Where do the arcades run?

A

In the mesentery

76
Q

What is supplied by the arcades?

A

The jejunum and ileum

77
Q

What dies the ileocolic artery supply?

A

terminal illeum, veriform appendix and inferior ascending colon

78
Q

What supplies to ascending colon?

A

right colic artery

79
Q

What supplies the transverse colon?

A

middle colic artery

Anatomy (6 decks)

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