Immunology

Question 0

What are the features of a mast cell?

Answer 0

Found across many tissues, mainly near small blood vessels
Upon activation, release substances that effect vascular permeability
Granules contain histamine and heparin
Best known for their role in allergy
Also thought to play a part in protecting mucosal surfaces from pathogens

Question 1

What are the features of a neutrophil?

Answer 1

Most predominate type of granulocyte in blood
Phagocytic cell
Most numerous component of the innate immune system
Also found at sites of acute inflammation

Question 2

Where are all immune cells created and matured?

Answer 2

Primary lymphoid tissues

Question 3

What are immune cells produced from?

Answer 3

Haemopoietic stem cells

Question 4

What can lymphocytes and some mononuclear phagocytes do?

Answer 4

Can re-circulate between non-lymphoid tissues and secondary lymphoid tissues

Question 5

What does the recirculation of lymphocytes and some mononuclear phagocytes do?

Answer 5

Increases the liklihood of them being exposed to the correct pathogen

Question 6

What are the primary lymphoid tissues?

Answer 6

Thymus and bone marrow

Question 7

What are the secondary lymphoid tissues?

Answer 7

Waldeyers ring (tonsils and adenoids) 
Bronchus associated lymphoid tissue
Lymph nodes
Bone marrow
Spleen
Lymphoid nodules
Mesenteric lymph nodes
Peters patch
Urogenital lymphoid tissue
Lymph nodes

Question 8

What are primary lymphoid tissues also known as?

Answer 8

Central lymphoid organs

Question 9

What are primary lymphoid tissues

Answer 9

Tissues where lymphocytes develop to a stage where they are able to recognise antigen

Question 10

What is bone marrow also the site of origin of?

Answer 10

Red blood cells and platelets

Question 11

What are the two types of bone marrow?

Answer 11

Red and yellow

Question 12

What is the 2nd stage of lymphoid development after the hematopoietic stem cell?

Answer 12

Common lymphoid progenitor

Question 13

What does the common lymphoid progenitor cell divide in to?

Answer 13

Pre B cells
Pre T cells
Lymphoid dendritic cells

Question 14

What do pre B cells divide in to and where do they go?

Answer 14

B1 and B2 cells - in to systemic circulation

Question 15

What do Pre T Cells divide in to?

Answer 15

Natural killer cells and pro t cells- the thymus

Question 16

Where do B cells mature?

Answer 16

Entirely in the bone marrow

Question 17

What is the anatomical position of the thymus?

Answer 17

Located in the lower part of the neck, deep to the sternum, slightly inferior to the larynx

Question 18

What happens to the thymus during childhood?

Answer 18

Gradually enlarges as it is most active

Question 19

What happens to the thymus after puberty?

Answer 19

Begins to reduce in size and function

Question 20

Why are most T cells destroyed in the thymus or bone marrow?

Answer 20

They fail to produce a useful T cell receptor

Question 21

What happens in the cortex?

Answer 21

Positive selection - selects for only those T cells that are capable of recognising self MHC and peptide

Question 22

What happens in the medulla?

Answer 22

Negative selection - eliminates those T cells which would recognise self peptide and therefore would be dangerous to the body

Question 23

What are secondary lymphoid tissues also known as?

Answer 23

Peripheral lymphoid organs

Question 24

What do lymph vessels do?

Answer 24

Drain tissue fluid from connective tissue collectively known as lymph

Question 25

What do the lymph vessels drain via?

Answer 25

The thoracic duct in the the subclavian vein

Question 26

What are lymph nodes?

Answer 26

Highly organised bean shaped structures at junctions between lymph vessels

Question 27

Where are lymph nodes aggregated?

Answer 27

At specific sites such as neck and groins

Question 28

What do the lymph nodes act to do?

Answer 28

Filter lymph from tissues