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Anatomy > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

In living, healthy people, what are lungs normally like?

A

Light, Soft, Spongy

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2
Q

What are the two lungs seperated by?

A

Mediastinum

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3
Q

What does the mediastinum contain

A

Heart, Great Vessels and Trachea

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4
Q

What is the anatomical location of the lungs?

A

The lungs are located within the thorax and extend from their apex, just above the 1st rib superiorly, level with T1, TI to the diaphram inferiorly, level with T12 at their most inferior point in the posterious thorax on inspiraton

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5
Q

How does the lung attatch to the heart and trachea?

A

By the roots of the lung

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6
Q

What is the root of the lung formed by?

A

Bronchus, Nerves, Lymphatic Vessels, Pulmonary Vessels

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7
Q

Where do the roots of the lung enter and emerge?

A

At its hilum

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8
Q

What is the fissure on the left lung and where is it found?

A

Oblique Fissure, between the left upper lobe and left lower lobe

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9
Q

What are the two fissures on the right lung and where are they found?

A

Horizontal Fissure - between the right upper lobe and right middle lobe
Oblique Fissure - between the right middle lobe and right lower lobe

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10
Q

Where does the visceral pleura reflect to become to parietal pleura?

A

At the hilium

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11
Q

What is shape of the right lung in comparison to the left lung?

A

Larger, heavier, shorter, wider

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12
Q

Why is the right lung shorter and wider than the left?

A

Because the right dome of the diamphram is higher

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13
Q

What does the margin of the left lung contain

A

A deep cardiac notch

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14
Q

What does the cardiac notch indent?

A

The anteroinferior aspect of the superior lobe of left lung

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15
Q

What are the three surfaces of the lung?

A

Costal, Diaphragmatic, Mediastinal

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16
Q

What are the three borders of the lung?

A

Anterior, inferior, prosterior

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17
Q

What is each lung enclosed by?

A

A serous pleural sac, consisting of two membranes - the plurae

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18
Q

Describe the visceral pleura

A

Covers the lungs and is adherent to all its surfaces, including the horizontal and oblique fissures - it cannot be seperated from the lung

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19
Q

Describe the parietal pleura

A

Lines the pulmonary cavities, it is adherant to the thoracic wall, the mediastinum and diaphram

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20
Q

What are the two pleurae?

A

Continuous

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21
Q

What can the parietal pleurae further be broken down in to?

A

Costal pluera, mediastinal pleura, diaphragmatic pleura, cervival pleura

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22
Q

Describe the costal pleura

A

Covers the interal surfaces of the thoracic wall

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23
Q

Describe the mediastinal pleura

A

Covers the lateral aspects of the mediastinum

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24
Q

Describe the diaphragmatic pleura

A

Covers the superior aspect of the diaphram on each side of the mediastinum

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25
Q

Describe the cervical pleura

A

Extends through the superior throacic aperture forming domed pleura over the apex of the lung

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26
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

The potential space between the layers of pleura

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27
Q

What is it filled with?

A

Serous pleural fluid

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28
Q

What does the serous pleural fluid do?

A

Lubricates the pleural surfaces - allows the layers of the pleura to slode smoothly over each other during respiration
Provides surface tension - keeps the surface of the lung in contact with the thoracic wall

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29
Q

What does the upper respiratory system consist of?

A

Nose (nasal cavity), larynx (voice box, pharynx (throat) to top of trachea

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30
Q

What does the upper respiratory system do?

A

Conditions inspired air

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31
Q

What happens to inspired air before it reaches the lungs?

A

Warmed to body temperature, himidified, filtered of particulates (>10micrometres)

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32
Q

What does the lower respiratory system consist of?

A

Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli

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33
Q

What is the lower respiratory system concerned with?

A

Gas exchange and further trapping and removal of particulates

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34
Q

What is the rythym of breathing controlled by?

A

The respiratory centres

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35
Q

Where are the respiratory centres found?

A

The brainstem in the medulla oblongata

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36
Q

What neurons are active during inspiration?

A

Inspiratory Neurons

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37
Q

What neurons are active during expiration?

A

Expiratory Neurons

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38
Q

How can breathing rythym be modified?

A

Afferent information from chemoreceptors in brain and receptors in the lung

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39
Q

What happens is you sever the brainstem below the pons but above the medulla?

A

Irregular breathing

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40
Q

What happens when you sever the spinal cord?

A

Cessation of breathing

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41
Q

What muscles are involved in breathing?

A

Skeletal Muscles

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42
Q

What is the diaphram?

A

A thin, muscuotendinous, dome shaped sheet of muscle that seperates the thorax from the abdomen

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43
Q

What is the diaphram attatched to?

A

The lower ribs

44
Q

What is the diaphram innervated by?

A

Right and Left phrenic nerves

45
Q

Where do the right and left phrenic nerved originate?

A

C3-C5 of spinal cord

46
Q

While at rest, what is the highest point of the diaphram level with?

A

T9

47
Q

While at rest, what is the diaphram inferiourly attatched to the body wall level with?

A

T12

48
Q

Where does blood supply to the diaphram originate?

A

Intercostal Arteries

49
Q

Where does blood drain from the diaphram to?

A

Inferior Vena Cava

50
Q

What does contraction do to the diaphram

A

Flattens it

51
Q

How is the concurrent reduction in abdominal volume possible

A

Due to the maleable nature of many of the abdominal organs

52
Q

How is the transverse diameter of the thorax increased?

A

By the up and outward movement of the rib margins

53
Q

How much does the diaphram apex move during quiet breathing?

A

Inferiorly by 1-2cm

54
Q

How much casn the diaphram move during deep breathing?

A

Inferiorly 10cm

55
Q

Where are the intercostal muscles located?

A

Between the ribs

56
Q

How many sets of each intercostal muscles are there?

A

11

57
Q

Where does blood supply for the intercostal muscles come from?

A

Intercostal arteries

58
Q

Where does the blood supply to the intercostal muscles drain to?

A

Intercostal veins

59
Q

What are the intercostal muscles innervated by?

A

Intercostal nerves

60
Q

Where do the external intercostal muscles extend from and to?

A

The tubercles of the superior ribs of the intercostal space posteriorly, to the cartilages of the ribs anteriorly on the inferior rib

61
Q

Where do the external intercostal muscles end?

A

Anteriorly in thin membranes - the anterior (external) intercostal membranes which continue forward to the sternum

62
Q

What do the external intercostal muscles do?

A

They pull the ribs upwards and forwards during inspiration

63
Q

What does the movement of the external intercostal muscles do?

A

Cause an increase in both the lateral and anteroposterior diameters

64
Q

Where do the internal intercostal muscles begin?

A

Anteriorly at the sternum in the interspaces between the cartilages of the true ribs (ribs 1-7) and at the anterior extremeties of the cartilages of the false ribs (8-12)

65
Q

Where do the internal intercostal muscles extend to?

A

Down to the angles of the ribs, where they continue to the vertebral column as thin membranes called the prosterior (internal) intercostal membranes

66
Q

What do the internal intercostal muscles do?

A

They pull the ribs down and inward during ACTIVE respiration (excercise)

67
Q

What are the innermost intercostal muscles?

A

Incomplete and variable

68
Q

Where are the innermost intercostal muscles found?

A

Deep to the internal intercostals

69
Q

Which direction do the fibres of the innermost intercostals pass in and how are they seperated from the internal intercostals?

A

Same direction as internal intercostals but are seperated by a bundle of intercostal blood vessel and nerve

70
Q

Which muscles are used for inspiration and expiration during QUIET BREATHING?

A

The diaphram provides most of the inspiratory force, however the external intercostal muscles may be used. Expiration is mostly passive (elastic recoil and weight of ribcage)

71
Q

Which muscles are used for inspiration and expiration during FORCED BREATHING?

A

The accesory muscles (sternocleiomastoids and scalenes) are used in conjucntion with the diaphram and external intercostals to bring large volumes of air in to the lungs. Internal intercostals and abdominals can be used to force air out of lungs.

72
Q

What airway is responsible for most resistance?

A

Trachea

73
Q

How is the trachea prevented from collapse of inspiration?

A

It is surrounded and supported by rings of hylaine cartilage which can be easily felt at the base of the neck

74
Q

What does the trachea bifurcate in to?

A

Two primary bronchi

75
Q

How many times does each bronchi divide?

A

11

76
Q

What forms the conducting zone of the lower respiratory system?

A

The first 17 generations of the airway i.e. trache and 16 successive airway branches.

77
Q

How are the bronchi and their 11 succesive divisions supported?

A

By rings of cartilage

78
Q

Where can bronchioles be found?

A

At the 12th division of the bronchi

79
Q

What are bronchioles?

A

Small, collapsible airways with smooth muscle walls

80
Q

How many times to the bronchioles further divide and what do they eventually form?

A

up to 11 times - the respiratory bronchioles

81
Q

Where do respiratory bronchioles terminate at?

A

Alveoli ducts which lead to alveoli

82
Q

What is each alveoli supplied by?

A

A single respiratory bronchiole

83
Q

What is the apical membrane of alveoli covered in and what does it aid?

A

Surfactant - diffusion

84
Q

What are the respiratory tact cavities lined with?

A

Psuedostratified colmnar epthelial cells which have numerous cillia on their surface

85
Q

What does the epithelium also contain?

A

Mucous secreting goblet cells

86
Q

What type of epithelium is present in the upper respiratory system?

A

Respiratory type epithelium

87
Q

What happens to the epithelium in the more peripheral branches on the airways?

A

it becomes thinner but is still cilliated and contains goblet cells

88
Q

What are the bronchioles lined with?

A

Simple (not psuedostratified) ciliated columnaar epithelium - goblet cells are sparse

89
Q

What are the walls of the trachea supported by?

A

Hyaline cartalige and have incomplete smooth muscle support

90
Q

What happens to the cartalige as the airways become smaller?

A

Cartalige rings are replaced by cartalige plates and eventually smooth muslce

91
Q

What are respiratory bronchioles lined with?

A

cuboidal ciliated eptihelium

92
Q

What are the aleveolar ducts lined with?

A

flattened epithelium

93
Q

What pneumocytes are presnt in the alveoli

A

type 1 and 2

94
Q

Where do tyoe 1 and 2 pneumocytes lie?

A

On the basement membrane

95
Q

What does the alveolar wall contain?

A

considerable amounts of elastin

96
Q

What do type 1 pneumocytes allow?`

A

gaseous diffusion

97
Q

What do type 1 pneumocytes represent?

A

40% of the number of alveolar cells but 90% of the surface area of the alveoli

98
Q

What are type 1 pneumocytes like?

A

Flattened, thin cells with flattened nuclei and few organelles

99
Q

What are type 1 pneumocytes joined by?

A

Tight junctions

100
Q

What do type 2 pneumocytes do?

A

Secrete surfactant

101
Q

What do type 2 pneumocytes represent?

A

60% of the number of cells but only 5-10% of the surface area lining of the alveoli

102
Q

What are type 2 pneumocytes like?

A

Rounded and contain numerous mitochondria

103
Q

What does surfactant do?

A

Acts as a detergent, reduc do ing alveolar surface tension

104
Q

What do type 2 pneumocytes sometimes act as?

A

Precursor stem cells for type 1 pneuomocytes

105
Q

Where do alveolar macrophages ‘patrol’?

A

The alveolar air spaces and the interalveolar septa

106
Q

What happens to alveolar macrophages following phagocytosis of debris or pathogen?

A

They may pass in to the lymphatic system or adhere to mucous coated ciliated epithelium and be cleared by coughing

Anatomy (6 decks)

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