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Anatomy > The Anatomical Position > Flashcards

The Anatomical Position Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the anatomical position

A

The body is facing forward, stading upright, palms forward and feet pointing forward - applies to both anterior and posterior views

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2
Q

What is the medial plane?

A

Directly through the middle

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3
Q

What is the saggital plane?

A

Slightly off centre

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4
Q

What is transverse plane?

A

Through the middle of the abdomen

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5
Q

What are oblique anatomical planes?

A

Cut at an angle

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6
Q

What is superior?

A

Nearer to the head

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7
Q

What is inferior?

A

Nearer to feet

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8
Q

What is anterior?

A

Nearer to front

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9
Q

What is Posterior?

A

Nearer to back

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10
Q

What is medial?

A

Nearer to median plane

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11
Q

What is lateral?

A

Farther from median plane

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12
Q

What is proximal?

A

Nearer the trunk/point of origin

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13
Q

What is distal?

A

Farther from the trunk/point of origin

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14
Q

Superficial?

A

Nearer to or on surface

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15
Q

Dorsum?

A

Dorsal surface part of hand or foot

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16
Q

Palm?

A

Palmar surface of hand

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17
Q

Sole?

A

Plantar surface of the foot

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18
Q

Why do atonomists use verterbral levels as a way of defining the location of a structure in the vertical plane?

A

They are used as the vertebrae are the only anatomical structures that are consistent between thorax, pelvis and abdomen

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19
Q

How many verterbra are there in the cervical spinal section?

A

7 termed C1-7

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20
Q

How many verterbra are there in the thoracic spinal section?

A

12 termed T1-T12

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21
Q

How many vertebra are there in the lumbar spinal section?

A

5 termed L1-L5

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22
Q

How many vertebra are there in the sacral spinal section?

A

5 termed S1- S5

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23
Q

Where is the atlas?

A

C1

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24
Q

Where is the axis?

A

C2

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25
Q

Where is the sacrum?

A

S1-S5

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26
Q

Where is the coccyx?

A

At the very end of the spine

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27
Q

What is the head and neck region?

A

Extends from the top of the head superiorly to the clavicle inferiorly

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28
Q

What is the thorax region?

A

Extends from clavicle superiorly to the level of the diaphram inferiorly on anterior surface of body

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29
Q

What is the abdominal region?

A

extends from the level of the diaphram superiorly to the inguinal ligament inferiorly on the anterior surface of the body

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30
Q

What is the upper limb region?

A

Consists of scapula, arm, forearm and hand

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31
Q

What is the lower limb region?

A

Consists of gluteal region, thigh, leg, lower leg and foot

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32
Q

What are the two ways of describing the regions of the surface anatomy of the abdomen?

A

Divinding it to regions or quadrants

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33
Q

What are the six regions of the abdoment?

A

Right hypochondrium, epigastrium, left hypochondrium, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac fosser, hypogastrium, left iliac fosser

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34
Q

What is the higher of the two horizontal lines across the abdomen?

A

Transpyloric plane

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35
Q

Whar is the lower of the two horizontal lines across the abdomen?

A

Transtuburcular plane

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36
Q

What is vertical line through the abdoment?

A

Midclavicular line

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37
Q

What are the four main functions of the skeleton?

A

Protection of major organs
Forming the mechanical basis for movement
heamopoesis - erthrocytes and b lymphocytes are made in the bone marrow
Storage of salts in the bone

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38
Q

What are the two types of mature (haversian) bone?

A

Compact bone and spongy bone

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39
Q

Describe compact bone

A

Strong and dense - all bones in body have a superficial thin layer of it

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40
Q

Describe spongy bone

A

Less dense with numerous air spaces and forms the core of most bones - except where replaced by a medullary (marrow) cavity

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41
Q

How does cartilage obtain nutrients and oxygen?

A

Through diffusion as it doesnt have the blood and nerve supply that bone has

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42
Q

What is the most widely present type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline

43
Q

Where is hyaline present?

A

As articular cartilage in joints and in the respiratory system as support for the airways

44
Q

Describe fribo cartilage

A

Tough and flexible

45
Q

Where is fibro cartilage found?

A

in articular and intervertebral discs around the edge of ball and socket joints

46
Q

Describe elastic cartilage

A

Highly resilient due to eleastic fibres contained in its structure

47
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

In the external ear, auditory tube, epiglottis and parts of the larynx

48
Q

What is osteoperosis characterised by?

A

A decrease in bone mass and strength

49
Q

What is the pelvis protected and supported by?

A

The hip bone (innominate bone)

50
Q

How does the female pelvis compare to a male pelvis?

A

It is flatter and wise

51
Q

What are the the divisions of the pelvis?

A

The greater pelvis and the lesser pelvis

52
Q

Where does the greater pelvis lie?

A

Between the two large ileum bones

53
Q

Where does the lesser pelvis lie?

A

Deep to the pubic bone

54
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

In the inferior part of the mediastinum

55
Q

Where does the heart extend from and to?

A

From vertebral level T5 superiorly to T9 inferiorly

56
Q

What is the apex of the heart deep to?

A

The 5th intercostal space

57
Q

Where does the right border of the heart lie deep to?

A

The right border of the sternum

58
Q

Where is the aorta located?

A

Rises superiorly from the left ventricle forming an arch at T4 and branches and descenfs

59
Q

Where does the aorta terminate?

A

At the common iliac arteries (supplies pelvis and leg)

60
Q

Where do the lungs extend from and to?

A

From their apex just above the 1st rib, level with T! to the diaphram inferiorly, level with T12

61
Q

Where do the lungs cross the midclavicular line?

A

Level with T7

62
Q

Where do the pleura cross the midclavicular line?

A

Level with T9

63
Q

Where is the highest point of the diaphram at rest?

A

T9

64
Q

Where is the diaphram attatched to the body wall inferiorly?

A

T12

65
Q

What point in the GI tract is susceptible to hiatus herna?

A

Where the oesophagus passes trough the diaphram

66
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

A muscular tube that passes food from the back of the mouth all the way down to the stomach

67
Q

What is present at the junction between the oesophagus and stomach?

A

A band of muscle from the diaphram

68
Q

What does this band of muscle and the junction between the oesophagus and the stomach do?

A

Prevents reflux of stomachs contents in to the oesophagus

69
Q

Where is the stomach located?

A

Just below the diaphram to the left of the abdominal cavity

70
Q

What are the three named areas of the stomach?

A

The fundus, body and antrum

71
Q

What is the small intestine divided in to?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

72
Q

What is the duodenum broken down in to?

A

Superior, descending, horizontal and asceding

73
Q

How is the dudenum seperated from the stomach?

A

By a pyloric sphincter

74
Q

Where does the jejunum begin?

A

At the duodenojejunal junction

75
Q

What does the liver produce and what does it do?

A

Bile - faciliatates the digestion of lipids

76
Q

Where is the liver located?

A

Right upper quadrant

77
Q

How many lobes does the liver have and which is the largest?

A

2 - the right

78
Q

Where is bile concentrated and stored?

A

In the gall bladder

79
Q

Where is the gall bladder located?

A

Inferiorly to the liver

80
Q

When and where is bile ejected?

A

In to the duodenum when a high fat meal is consumed

81
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

An elongated acessory glanf to the GI with endocrine functon

82
Q

Where is the pancreas locaqted?

A

Superiorly in the umbilical region extending out in to the left lumbar region, inferior and deep to the stomach

83
Q

What is the first section of the large intestine?

A

The caecum

84
Q

Where does the caecum begin?

A

At the illeocaecal junction in the right inferior quadrant

85
Q

What does the caecum form?

A

A pouch that contains the veriform appendix

86
Q

Where does the ascending colon travel to anf from?

A

From the right lower to right upper quadrant - then form a 90 degree bend to the left called the RIGHT COLIC FLEXURE and becomes the transverse colon

87
Q

Where does the transverse colon travel to and from?

A

From the right upper to left upper quadrant where it forms a 90 degree bend called the LEFT COLIC FLEXURE and becomes the descending colon

88
Q

Where does the descending colon travel to and from?

A

From the left upper to left lower quadrant becoming the sigmoid colon which is S-dhapes and connects the descending colon to the rectum

89
Q

Where does the rectum begin?

A

S3

90
Q

What is the spleen?

A

A secondary lymphoid tissue

91
Q

Where is the spleen located?

A

In the left lumbar region at the tip of the pancreas

92
Q

What is the main role of the spleen?

A

Filtration of blood, removing aged blood cells and collecting antigen

93
Q

What is the purpose of the urinary system?

A

Excretion of urea and other toxins

Maintanence of blood volumeas osmolarity

94
Q

Where do the kidneys lie?

A

On the posterior wall of the abdomen in the right and left hypchondriac regions from vertebrea T12 to L3

95
Q

Which kidney is usually lower than the left?

A

The right

96
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

Superior aspect of the kidneys

97
Q

WHat do the adrenal glands produce?

A

Many of the bodys chemical messengers including adrenaline ad steroid hormones

98
Q

What hormones are secreted from the adrenal cortex?

A

Cortisol. aldosterone and sex hormones

99
Q

What hormones are secreted from the adrenal medulla?

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

100
Q

Where is the urinary bladder located?

A

In the suprapubic region in the lesser pelvis, deep to the pubic bone

101
Q

What is the bladder filled from/eptied by?

A

Filled from the ureters and expelled via the urethra

102
Q

Where does the liver extend?

A

Across the midline from the right hypochondriac region

103
Q

where is the gall baldder in regards to the liver?

A

Posterior

104
Q

What is the top of the kidneys level with?

A

The inferior pleural border

Anatomy (6 decks)

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