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ESA2 > CVS 2 (Histology and Cardiac Cycle) > Flashcards

CVS 2 (Histology and Cardiac Cycle) Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Which is more permeable: a capillary or a post-capillary venule?

A

Post-capillary venule

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2
Q

Arteries and veins often accompany each other. Which usually has the largest diameter?

A

Veins

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3
Q

Why do the superficial veins of the legs have well-defined muscular walls, but other veins don’t?

A

To resist the distension which would be caused by gravity if the muscle wasn’t present.

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4
Q

Which veins have well-defined muscular walls?

A

Superficial veins of the legs

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5
Q

Define venae comitantes:

A

A pair of deep veins which accompany an artery, where all 3 vessels are wrapped in the same sheath.

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6
Q

What is the importance of venae comitantes?

A

The pulsing of the accompanying artery promotes venous return.

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7
Q

Name the 1st 3 arteries which branch from the aortic arch, in order from closest to heart:

A

1) Brachiocephalic artery
2) Left common carotid artery
3) Left subclavian artery

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8
Q

Which 2 vessels feed into the right atria?

A

1) Superior vena cava

2) Inferior vena cava

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9
Q

Which vessel takes blood away from the right ventricle?

A

Pulmonary trunk (immediately bifurcates into left and right pulmonary arteries)

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10
Q

How many pulmonary veins feed into the heart, and which chamber do they feed into?

A

4 pulmonary arteries

Left atria

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11
Q

Which vessel takes blood away from the left ventricle?

A

Ascending Aorta

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12
Q

Name the valve which separates the left atria from the left ventricle:

A

Mitral valve

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13
Q

Name the valve which separates the right atria from the right ventricle:

A

Tricuspid AV valve

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14
Q

Describe the position and structure of the aortic semilunar valve:

A

Positioned between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta
Tricuspid

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15
Q

Describe the position and structure of the pulmonary semilunar valve:

A

Positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk
Tricuspid

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16
Q

What is the approx. pressure in the left atria?

A

~ 8-10 mmHg

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17
Q

What is the approx. pressure in the left ventricle (systole/diastole mmHg)?

A

~ 120 / 10 mmHg

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18
Q

What is the approx. pressure in the aorta (systole/diastole mmHg)?

A

~ 120 / 80 mmHg

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19
Q

What is the approx. pressure in the right atria?

A

~ 0-4 mmHg

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20
Q

What is the approx. pressure in the right ventricle (systole/diastole mmHg)?

A

~ 25 / 4 mmHg

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21
Q

What is the approx. pressure in the pulmonary artery (systole/diastole mmHg)?

A

~ 25 / 10 mmHg

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22
Q

Define systole:

A

Contraction of the ventricle wall and ejection of blood into vessels

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23
Q

Define diastole:

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A

Relaxation of ventricle wall and filling of ventricles with blood

24
Q

What is the approx. stroke volume of the heart?

25
Define stroke volume:
Amount of blood ejected from the (left) ventricle per beat
26
What is the approx. duration of a cardiac myocyte action potential?
~ 280 ms
27
What property of cardiac myocytes ensures electrical stimulation across the myocardium?
Gap junctions within the intercalated discs
28
Name the 4 valves in the heart:
1) Tricuspid AV valve 2) Mitral valve 3) Pulmonary (semilunar) valve 4) Aortic (semilunar) valve
29
What connects the cusps of the heart valves to the papillary muscles?
Chordae tendineae
30
What is the essential role of the chordae tendineae and the papillary muscles?
To prevent inversion of the AV valves during systole
31
Define chordae tendineae:
Strong fibrous cords made by chordal fibroblasts, which connect the cusps of the AV valves to the papillary muscles.
32
How long is the cardiac action potential delayed for when it reaches the AV node?
~ 120 ms
33
From the AV node, what is the passage of AP conduction causes ventricle systole?
- Down Bundle of His | - Up Purkinje fibres
34
Name the 7 phases of the cardiac cycle, starting with 1) Atrial contraction :
1) Atrial contraction 2) Isovolumetric contraction 3) Rapid ejection 4) Reduced ejection 5) Isovolumetric relaxation 6) Rapid filling 7) Reduced filling
35
What is the average time of 1 heart beat at rest?
~ 0.9 s
36
What is the typical End-Diastolic Volume (EDV)?
~ 120 ml
37
What happens first during a heart beat: P wave of ECG or A wave of atrial pressure? Why?
P wave, as it indicates atrial depolarisation, which then causes atrial contraction, increasing the atrial pressure, producing the A wave.
38
What % of ventricular filling is accounted for by atrial contraction?
~ 10%
39
How does the body still function during atrial fibrillation?
The ventricles are 90% filled via gravity when the valves open, so atrial contraction is not necessary for blood to move around the heart, to be pumped around the body.
40
What phase of the cardiac cycle occurs as S1 is heard?
Isovolumetric contraction
41
What is the sound S1 caused by?
Closing of the mitral and tricuspid AV valves
42
What causes the mitral valve to close?
Ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure
43
How does the closing of the mitral valve affect the atrial pressure?
Causes slight increase of atrial pressure (C wave)
44
During what phase of the cardiac cycle does the QRS complex of the ECG occur?
2: Isovolumetric contraction
45
What part of the ECG corresponds to ventricular depolarisation?
QRS complex
46
Just after S1, which valves open?
Aortic semilunar valve | Pulmonary semilunar valve
47
Describe the immediate change in ventricular volume after S1:
Ventricular volume decreases from ~120 ml to ~40ml
48
Which wave of the ECG corresponds to ventricular repolarisation?
T wave
49
What causes the aortic valve to close?
Pressure in the aorta is higher than the pressure in the left ventricle, and slight backflow of blood
50
What is the 'dicrotic notch'?
Small downward deflection of aortic pressure caused by closure of semilunar valves
51
What is the typical End-Systolic Volume (ESV)?
~ 40 ml
52
Define stroke volume:
Amount of blood ejected by left ventricle during one contraction
53
What is the sound S2 caused by?
Closing of the aortic and pulmonary semi-lunar valves
54
What is meant by the X- and Y-descent, in regards to atrial pressure?
``` X-descent = Fall in atrial pressure during ventricular contraction Y-descent = Fall in atrial pressure after opening of the mitral valve ```
55
What causes the mitral valve to open?
Atrial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure (in left heart)
56
In what situation is the sound S3 considered normal?
In children

ESA2 (27 decks)

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