Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

ESA2 > MoD 7 (Cellular Adaptations) > Flashcards

MoD 7 (Cellular Adaptations) Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by intracrine hormone signalling?

A

A hormone which acts inside the cell it was synthesised, regulating intracellular events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 5 key checkpoints during the cell cycle?

A

1) Restriction (R) point, towards end of G1
2) G1/S transition
3) S/G2 transition
4) G2/M transition
5) M/G1 transition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which cell checkpoint can activate p53?

A

Restriction (R) point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens if p53 is activated during a cell cycle?

A
  • Cell cycle stops

- Triggers DNA repair or apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do Cyclins regulate the cell cycle?

A
  • Bind to and activate Cyclin Dependent Kinase’s (CDKs)

- CDKs cause phosphorylation cascade, which drives the cell cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the name of the proteins which drive the cell cycle?

A

Cyclins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define regeneration:

A

The replacement of cell losses with identical cells in order to maintain the size of a tissue or organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which tissues can regenerate?

A
  • Bone marrow
  • Liver
  • Epidermis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Regenerated epithelial cells takes years to mature. What is the advantage of this?

A

Regenerated epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract do not express the receptor for uptake of the Influenza virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Hayflick’s number?

A

The number of times a cell can regenerate (dependant on telomere length)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the mean Hayflick number for human cells?

A

61.3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define reconstitution:

A

The replacement of a lost body part

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define hyperplasia:

A

An increase in tissue or organ size due to increased cell numbers.
Can only occur in labile or stable cell populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In what type of cell populations can hyperplasia occur?

A
  • Labile

- Stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Proliferation of endometrial wall due to oestrogen influence is an example of which cellular adaptation?

A

Hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Thyroid goitre formation in response to iodine deficiency is an example of which cellular adaptation?

A

Hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name the cellular adaptation which increases the number of cells present:

A

Hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define hypertrophy:

A

Increase in tissue or organ size, due to an increased cell size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In which cell population type is hypertrophy most important?

A

Permanent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The growth of skeletal muscle due to bodybuilding is an example of which cellular adaptation?

A

Hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The growth of the smooth muscle in a pregnant uterus is an example of which cellular adaptation?

A

Hypertrophy

Hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define compensatory hypertrophy:

A

Increase in tissue or organ size due to damage/removal of tissue, or increased functional demand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What type of cells undergo irreversible hypertrophy?

A

Adipocytes

24
Q

Define atrophy:

A

Shrinkage of a tissue/organ due to an acquired decrease in size of and/or number of cells present

25
What cellular adaptation does the thenar eminence undergo if median nerve damaged?
Atrophy
26
What can cause pathological atrophy?
- Disuse - Denervation - Inadequate blood supply - Inadequate nutrition - Loss of endocrine stimulation - Pressure - Occlusion of secretory duct - Toxic agents/drugs - X-Rays - Immunological mechanisms
27
Define metaplasia:
Reversible change from 1 differentiated cell type to another
28
In which cell populations can metaplasia occur?
- Labile | - Stable
29
What can cause pathological metaplasia?
Chronic irritation: - Smoking - Liver/Pancreas/Kidney stones - Persistent acid reflux
30
Describe the metaplasia that occurs in the airways of smokers:
In bronchi: From ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia to stratified squamous epithelia
31
Which cellular adaptation occurs during traumatic myositis ossificans?
Metaplasia
32
Define aplasia:
Complete failure of a specific tissue or organ to develop (embryonic disorder) ---> Also used to describe tissues whose cells have ceased to proliferate, ie Aplastic anaemia
33
What is Aplastic Anaemia?
Bone marrow failure, leading to pancytopenia (deficiency of all components of blood- red and white cells, and platelets)
34
Define involution:
The normal programmed shrinkage of an organ
35
What is the name of the cellular adaptation which causes physiological atrophy:
Involution
36
Define hypoplasia:
Congenital underdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue/organ.
37
What is the name of the cellular adaptation which describes the congenital underdevelopment of an organ?
Hypoplasia
38
What is the name of the cellular adaptation which describes the complete failure of an organ to develop?
Aplasia
39
Define atresia:
The congenital absence of a normal opening, or failure to develop the lumen of a tubular structure
40
What is Oesophageal atresia?
The congenital failure of part of the lumen of the oesophagus to form - Therefore part of oesophagus is not hollow
41
Define dysplasia:
Enlargement of a tissue/organ via proliferation of abnormal cells
42
Which cellular adaptation describes the enlargement of an organ via proliferation of abnormal cells?
Dysplasia
43
List some triggers of chronic eczema:
- Irritants - Allergens - Microbes - Temperature - Foods - Stress/hormones
44
What are the symptoms of chronic eczema?
Dry, patchy, red, itchy skin
45
List some triggers of psoriasis:
- Stress - Excessive alcohol - Foods - Skin injury - Smoking - Hormone changes - Other immune disorders - Drugs ie ACEi, lithium, NSAIDS, beta blockers
46
What are the symptoms of psoriasis?
Red, flaky, crusty plaques with overlying silvery scales | - commonly on scalp, knees and elbows
47
Which skin condition causes red, flaky, crusty plaques with overlying silvery scales?
Psoriasis
48
Describe how an iodine deficiency can cause goitre formation:
- Iodine deficiency = less circulating T4 = increased TSH release from anterior pituitary = TSH stimulates the growth and activity of the thyroid gland = hyperplasia of thyroid gland
49
What protein is released by a benign prostatic hypertrophy/plasia?
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)
50
Why does benign prostatic hypertrophy/plasia cause chronic bladder outlet obstruction?
Benign prostatic hypertrophy/plasia occurs at the center of the prostate gland, which surrounds the urethra, increasing the pressure put on the urethra.
51
Describe the metaplasia that occurs due to Barrett's Oesophagus:
From non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelia to simple columnar epithelia with goblet cells - Becomes gastric epithelia
52
What are the complications of Barrett's oesophagus?
- Increased risk of oesophageal adenocarcinoma - Oesophageal ulcers - Oesophageal strictures - Bleeding
53
What can cause myositis ossificans?
- Trauma | - Inherited mutation (Autosomal dominant)
54
What is Myositis ossificans?
The heterotopic ossification of muscle due to the metaplastic change of fibroblasts to osteoblasts. - Due to trauma or inherited mutation
55
What is the name of the disorder caused by the metaplasia of fibroblasts to osteoblasts?
Myositis ossificans
56
What is the usual cause of endometrial hyperplasia?
Excess oestrogen without progesterone - Oestogen-only-HRT - Tamoxifen
57
What are the complications of endometrial hyperplasia?
- Menorrhagia - Anaemia - Increased risk of endometrial carcinoma

ESA2 (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions