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ESA2 > MSK 2 Classification of and Joints of Upper limb > Flashcards

MSK 2 Classification of and Joints of Upper limb Flashcards

1
Q

What type of bone is the frontal bone of the skull?

A

Flat bone

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2
Q

What type of bone is the scaphoid?

A

Short bone

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3
Q

What type of bone is the humerus?

A

Long bone

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4
Q

What type of bone is a vertebrae?

A

Irregular bone

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5
Q

What type of bone is the patella?

A

Sesamoid bone

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6
Q

What is a sesamoid bone?

A

Bone embedded within a muscle or tendon

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7
Q

What type of bone is embedded within a cranial suture?

A

Sutural bone

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8
Q

Define joint:

A

A articulation between either:

  • Neighbouring bones
  • Teeth and bone
  • Cartilage and bone
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9
Q

What are the main characteristics of a fibrous joint?

A
  • No synovial cavity
  • Articulating bones held close by fibrous tissue
  • Little or no movement
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10
Q

Name the 3 types of fibrous joints:

A
  • Syndesmosis
  • Gomphosis
  • Suture
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11
Q

What are the main characteristics of a cartilaginous joint?

A
  • No synovial cavity
  • Articulating bones tightly connected via cartilage
  • Little or no movement
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12
Q

Name the 2 types of cartilaginous joints:

A

1) Synchondrosis

2) Symphysis

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13
Q

What type of cartilage is present within a synchondrosis?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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14
Q

What type of cartilage is present within a symphysis?

A

Fibrocartilage

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15
Q

What is the functional classification of a synchondrosis?

A

Synarthrosis

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16
Q

What is the functional classification of a symphysis?

A

Amphiarthrosis

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17
Q

What are the main characteristics of a synovial joint?

A
  • Synovial cavity = Articular cartilage + capsule
  • Bursa/tendon sheaths
  • Freely movable (Diarthrosis)
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18
Q

What are the 3 ways to functionally classify a joint?

A

1) Synarthrosis
2) Amphiarthrosis
3) Diarthrosis

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19
Q

What type of joint is a ‘diarthrosis’?

A

Freely movable (synovial joint)

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20
Q

What type of joint is an amphiarthrosis?

A

Permits little movement (may be fibrous or cartilaginous)

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21
Q

What type of joint is a synarthrosis?

A

Permits no movement (may be fibrous or cartilaginous)

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22
Q

What type of cartilage is usually present within a synovial joint?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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23
Q

Why is it important for a synovial joint to have a rich blood supply?

A

Synovial joints are freely movable, so must receive good blood supply to prevent loss of perfusion during flexion

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24
Q

Approximately how much synovial fluid is present within a synovial joint?

A

~ 0.5 ml

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25
What 4 substances make up synovial fluid?
- Hyaluronic acid - Proteinases - Collagenases - Lubricin
26
Name the 6 types of synovial joint:
1) Ball-and-Socket 2) Pivot 3) Planar 4) Saddle 5) Hinge 6) Condyloid/Ellipsoidal
27
Classify the sternoclavicular joint:
Planar synovial joint | Diarthrosis
28
Classify the knee joint:
Hinge synovial joint | Diarthrosis
29
Classify the Atlo-axial joint:
Pivot synovial joint | Diarthrosis
30
Classify the wrist joint:
Condyloid/Ellipsoidal synovial joint | Diarthrosis
31
Classify the Atlanto-Occipital joint:
Condyloid/Ellipsoidal synovial joint | Diarthrosis
32
Classify the joint between the trapezium and the base of the 1st metacarpal:
Saddle synovial joint | Diarthrosis
33
Classify the shoulder joint:
Ball-and-Socket synovial joint | Diarthrosis
34
Define Hilton's Law:
The nerves supplying a joint also supply the muscles moving the joint, and the skin overlying the insertions of these muscles
35
What causes the popping sound heard when joints are 'cracked'?
- Bones are pulled away from each other - Synovial cavity expands but synovial fluid volume stays constant, producing a vacuum - The gases dissolved in the synovial fluid are pulled out of solution = POP
36
What are the articulating surfaces of the glenohumeral joint?
- Glenoid cavity of the scapula | - Head of the humerus
37
What is the glenoid labrum?
Ring of fibrocartilage surrounding the rim of the glenoid cavity = deepens the cavity to stabilise glenohumeral joint
38
Name the 4 rotator cuff muscles:
Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Subscapularis Teres minor
39
Which rotator cuff muscle inserts into the lesser tubercle of the humerus?
Teres minor
40
Which rotator cuff muscles insert into the greater tubercle of the humerus?
Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Subscapularis
41
Which 7 muscles contribute to the glenohumeral joint?
1) Supraspinatus 2) Infraspinatus 3) Subscapularis 4) Teres minor 5) Deltoid 6) Long head of Biceps brachii 7) Long head of Triceps brachii
42
Name the 3 extracapsular ligaments of the glenohumeral joint:
Coracoacromial ligament Coracohumeral ligament Transverse ligament
43
Name the 3 intracapsular ligaments of the glenohumeral joint:
Superior glenohumeral ligament Middle glenohumeral ligament Inferior glenohumeral ligament
44
Where does the glenohumeral joint capsule attach to?
Glenoid labrum Laterally: Anatomical neck of humerus Medially: Surgical neck of humerus
45
The glenohumeral joint capsule is continuous with which bursa?
Subscapular bursa
46
What 3 structures form the Coracoacromial arch?
1) Coracoacromial ligament 2) Acromion 3) Coracoid process
47
Which STRONG glenohumeral ligament prevents upper displacement of the humerus?
Coraco-acromial ligament
48
Name the 2 bursae within the glenohumeral joint:
Subscapular bursa | Subacromial bursa
49
Name the 4 muscles which cause flexion at the glenohumeral joint:
1) Deltoid (anterior fibres) 2) Biceps brachii 3) Coracobrachialis 4) Pectoralis major
50
Name the 3 muscles which cause extension of the glenohumeral joint:
1) Triceps brachii 2) Latissimus dorsi 3) Teres major
51
Which muscle causes abduction of the arm from 0' to 15'?
Supraspinatus
52
Which muscle causes abduction of the arm from 15' to 90'?
Deltoid
53
What causes abduction of the arm 90'+?
Serratus anterior Trapezius Scapular rotation
54
Which muscles cause adduction of the arm?
Lattisimus dorsi Pectoralis major Teres major
55
Which muscles cause medial rotation of the arm?
Subscapularis Teres major Pectoralis major Latissimus dorsi
56
Which muscles cause lateral rotation of the arm?
Infraspinatus | Teres minor
57
Which arteries supply the glenohumeral joint?
Anterior and Posterior Circumflex humeral arteries | Suprascapular artery
58
Which nerves supply the glenohumeral joint?
Suprascapular nerve Axillary nerve Lateral pectoral nerve
59
Where is the safe area for injection into the deltoid muscle? What are you trying to avoid?
Over 4cm below the acromion | Avoid damage to axillary nerve and circumflex humeral arteries
60
What are the 2 causes of a posterior dislocation of the humerus?
1) Epilepsy | 2) Electrocution
61
What is the main cause of an anterior dislocation of the humerus?
Trauma on fully abducted arm
62
How would someone present with an anterior dislocation of the humerus, and why?
Painful, arm supported, | Square shoulder - humeral head pulled below coracoid process due to pectoralis major and teres major
63
What is the most common cause of a surgical neck fracture of the humerus?
Fall on outstretched hand
64
Which nerve is at risk during anterior dislocation of the humerus?
Axillary nerve
65
Which nerve is at risk during a surgical neck fracture of the humerus?
Axillary nerve
66
What is the presentation of painful arc syndrome?
Painful abduction of arm between 50' to 130'
67
What is the main cause of painful arc syndrome?
Repetitive overuse: sports/overhead work ie plastering

ESA2 (27 decks)

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