Cytokines

Question 1

what type of bonds are formed through affinty

Answer 1

noncovalent

Question 2

define avidity

Answer 2

when there are multiple binding sites for the same ligand

Question 3

valency

Answer 3

number of binding sites on an antibody

Question 4

what initiates an immune repsonse

Answer 4

ligand-receptor interactions

Question 5

what are the results of the cytokine network

Answer 5

induce or suppress cytokine synthesis (self or different)
induce or suppress cytokine receptor synthesis
work with or against other cytokines

Question 6

is the cytokine network flexible or rigid

Answer 6

flexible

Question 7

true or false: cytokines often act in cascades

Answer 7

true!

Question 8

what does it means for cytokines to exhibit pleiotropy

Answer 8

one cytokine can lead to many different outcomes

Question 9

explain cytokine redundancy

Answer 9

a cytokine can carry out different jobs when paired with different cell types

Question 10

if there is a defect in a unique component of a cytokine receptor is the effect big or small

Answer 10

small

Question 11

if there is a defect in a shared component of a cytokine receptor is the effect big or small

Answer 11

big

Question 12

why is the redundancy of cytokines important

Answer 12

it can help protect against mutations so entire subsets of cytokines aren’t wiped out

Question 13

______ act as non antibody proteins and _____ mediators between cells

Answer 13

cytokines

soluble

Question 14

monokines

Answer 14

produced by mononuclear phagocytes

Question 15

lymphokines

Answer 15

produced by activated lymphocytes especially Helper T cells

Question 16

interleukins

Answer 16

cytokines that act as mediators between leukocytes

Question 17

chemokines

Answer 17

responsible for leukocyte migration

Question 18

are cytokines only produced by the innate branch of the immune system

Answer 18

NO

Question 19

What are the main properties of a cytokine

Answer 19

soluble mediators
redundancy
pleiotropic
limited secretion
mediate and regulate immune response
produced by the innate and adaptive branch

Question 20

type 2 receptors are called

Answer 20

IFN or interferon

Question 21

what are some characteristics of the IFN family of receptors

Answer 21

conserved cysteines
Ig- like domains
intrinsic tyr-kinase activity
act as an on switch for other cytosolic molecules

Question 22

which cytokine is very small and g protein coupled?

Answer 22

chemokines

Question 23

what do all chemokine receptors have in common

Answer 23

7 transmembrane segments
g protein coupled
conserved cysteines
redundancy 
receptors are selectively expresses

Question 24

type 1 receptors are called

Answer 24

IL-2 or interleukin

Question 25

IL-2 receptor characteristics

Answer 25

NO tyr-kinase activity | ligand binding leads to dimerization or trimerization

Question 26

what are the 3 subsets of IL-2 receptors. Are these common subsets

Answer 26

gamma, beta, gp130 | yes

Question 27

what are the five types of cytokine receptors

Answer 27

``` immunoglobulin superfamily class 1 class 2 tnf chemokine ```