Dani - ch 17, 18 Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
each tissue regulates its own local blood flow based on its __ needs
A
metabolic
2
Q
tissue needs:
- delivery of ___
- delivery of ____
- removal of ___
- removal of ___
- ___ of ion concentrations
- transport of ____
A
oxygen nutrients waste carbon dioxide maintenance hormones
3
Q
50% of blood goes to the ___ and ___
A
kidneys
liver
4
Q
blood flow to the tissues is balanced between the tissues ___ need and total volume the ___ can handle
A
metabolic
heart
5
Q
tissues meeting their need and workload of the heart are kept to a ___
A
minimum
6
Q
acute control of blood flow:
- takes ___ to a few ___
- effect of ___ and ___ ___ changing their vessel diameter
A
seconds
minutes
metarterioles
precapillary sphincter
7
Q
long term control of blood flow:
- takes ___ to ___
- result of an increase or decrease in ___ ___ and the number of ___ ___ supplying these tissues
A
days
months
physical size
blood vessels
8
Q
acute control of blood flow:
- increase metabolism –> ___ in blood flow
- decrease [O2] –> __ in blood flow
A
increase
increase
9
Q
4 reasons for a decrease in oxygen availability
A
high altitude
pneumonia
CO
cyanide poisoning
10
Q
vasodilator theory:
- increase in tissue metabolism or decrease in [O2] –> ___ in the rate of formation of vasodilator substances in the tissues
A
increase
11
Q
vasodilator theory
- vasodilator substances effect the ___ and ___ ____
A
metarterioles
precapillary sphincters
12
Q
___ is a powerful vasodilator for coronary and skeletal muscle blood flow
A
adenosine
13
Q
increase tissue metabolism –> ____ release of vasodilators –> ___ arteriole resistance –> ___ blood flow
A
increase
decrease
increase
14
Q
6 vasodilators
A
adenosine ADP compounds CO2 histamines K+ H+
15
Q
oxygen lack theory
- oxygen is needed for the smooth muscle in the ___ and ___ ____ to contract
A
arterioles
precapillary sphincter
16
Q
if oxygen supply is not adequate, the smooth muscle would relax and naturally ___ –> ___ local blood flow
A
dilate
increase
17
Q
Increase tissue metabolism or decrease oxygen to the tissues –> ___ tissue [O2] –> ___ arteriole resistance –> ___ blood flow
A
decrease
decrease
increase
18
Q
deficiency of glucose, amino acids of FAs in perfusing blood can cause local ____ –> dont have the nutrients to make ___
A
vasodilation
ATP
19
Q
vitamin B substances are needed for oxygen-induced phosphorylation of ___
A
ATP
20
Q
ATP is needed for smooth muscles of the ___ and ___ ___ to contract
A
arterioles
precapillary sphincter
21
Q
___ ___: increase in blood flow after a temporary blockage
A
reactive hyperemia
22
Q
hyperemia occurs because of tissue ___ and a build up of ___ metabolites = ___ arterioles and ___ vascular resistance
A
hypoxia
vasodilator
dilate
decrease
23
Q
reactive hyperemia
- when the occlusion is release, flow becomes ____ because of the ___ vascular resistance
A
elevated
reduced
24
Q
during hyperemia, tissue becomes ___ and vasodilator metabolites are ____
A
reoxygenated
excreted (from the tissue)
25
the longer the period of occlusion, the __ the metabolic stimulus for vasodilation leading to ___ in peak reactive hyperemia and ___ of hyperemia
greater
increases
duration
26
___ ___: increased flow of blood to a tissue and its associated with increased metabolism
active hyperemia
27
active hyperemia
- blood flow ___ because of increased oxygen consumption during muscular contractions which stimulates the production of ___ substances which then ___ the blood vessels in skeletal muscles
increase
vasodilator
dilate
28
examples of active hyperemia
exercise
| GI tract
29
active hyperemia can result in up to a __ fold increase in skeletal muscle blood flow with maximal exercise
20
30
___: process where tissues adjust blood flow over a wide rage of arterial pressure changes
autoregulation
31
3 organs autoregulation is mostly seen
kidneys
heart
brain
32
kidney, heart and brain is essential for life, and through autoregulation the body can ___ blood where its needed
divert
33
increase in arterial pressure --> ___ blood flow
increase
34
metabolic theory: suggests that as arterial pressure decreases --> oxygen and nutrient delivery ____ resulting in the release of ___ substances
metabolic theory
decrease
vasodilator
35
metabolic theory: if arterial pressure is too high --> ___ blood flow --> too much oxygen and nutrients that ____ ___ the vasodilator substances --> ___
increase
wash out
vasoconstriction
36
myogenic theory - as arterial pressure fall --> arterioles ___ as a result of an intrinsic property that responds to a ___ in blood vessel wall tenstion
vasodilate
| decrease
37
myogenic theory - as a higher arterial pressure stretches the blood vessel wall --> reactive ____ that ___ blood flow nearly back to normal even though the pressure is high
vasoconstrict
| reduce
38
nitric oxide = ____ during stress on the endothelial walls
vasodilator
39
nitric oxide protects against excessive ____
vasoconstriction
40
positive feed back loop with hyertension because it causes a damage in the endothelial wall which causes a lack of NO in the vessels --> favoring ___
vasoconstriction
41
nitroglycerin and other nitrate substances were used to treat ___
angina
42
___: severe chest pain from ischemia of the heart muscle
angina
43
___: a powerful vasoconstrictor substance derived from damaged enothelial cells
endothelin
44
endohelin prevents ___ bleeding because it will ___ blood vessels
excessive
| vasoconstrictor
45
the biggest long term change for local blood flow regulation is an increase in ___
vascularity
46
metabolism of a tissue is increased over a long period of time, the ___ and ___ of blood vessels to those muscles will ___
size
number
increase
47
____: growth of new blood vessels
angiogenesis
48
young person, increase in number of capillaries will begin within a few ___ and be complete within a few ___ and will match almost exactly the new needs of tissue blood flow
days
| weeks
49
elderly person, increase in capillary will happen in ___
months
50
angiogenesis occurs in response to rapidly___ tissues or tissues with increased ___ rates
growing
| metabolic
51
three angiogenic factors
vascular endothelial growth factor
fibroblast growth factor
angiogen
52
increase in vascularity is determined by the ____ level of blood flow rather than average blood flow through the tissue
maximum
53
exercise, vascularity ___ to meet the demands of the level of exercise even though exercise may only last an hour or so per day
increases
54
____ ____: when an artery or vein is blocked so a new vascular channel develops around the blockage
collateral circulation
55
collateral vessels are thought to already exist, they become ____ when complete blockage occurs to preserve the tissue with blood flow
vasodilator
56
collateral circulation is especially evident in ___ circulation where blockage of ____ arteries is common as we age
coronary
| coronary
57
___ ___: hormones or locally produced factors that are absorbed into the body fluids
humoral control
58
hormones and local factors are designated as ____ agents and ___ agents
vasconstrictor
| vasodilator
59
NE and ACh are secreted from the ___ ____ as a response to SP nerve stimulation during times of stress or exercise
adrenal medulla
60
___ ___ plays a significant role in regulating arterial pressure by vasoconstriction of small arterioles to increase total peripheral resistance, thereby increasing arterial pressure
angiotensin II
61
___ plays a similar role as angiotensin II in increasing arterial pressure
vasopressin
62
___
- polypeptide that is activated because of tissue inflammation or physical stimuli to blood or tissues
- powerful arteriole vasodilation
- increase capillary permeability
bradykinin
63
____
- released due to tissue damage/inflammation
- powerful arteriole vasodilation
- increases capillary permeability allowing leakage of fluid
histamine
64
___: vasoconstrictor; stimulates smooth muscle contraction
calcium
65
___ and ___: vasodilator; inhibit smooth muscle contraaction
potassium and magnesium
66
increase H+ --> ____
| decrease H+ --> ____
vasoconstrictor
| vasodilation
67
CO2 -->
vasodilation
68
nervous regulation has a more ___ approach than local tissue control
global
69
nervous regulation _____ blood flow to different areas of the body
redistribution
70
nervous regulation ___/____ the pumping activity of the heart
increase/decrease
71
nervous regulation has a very ___ control of systemic arterial pressure
rapid
72
nervous regulation regulates via the ___ nervous system
autonomic
73
ANS is comprised of the ___ and ___ nervous systems
sympathetic
| parasympathetic
74
___ NS - important in the control of blood flow
sympathetic
75
____ NS - important in regulating heart rate and heart function
parasympathetic
76
sympathetic nerves leave the spine on each side of the spinal cord to form a ___ ___
sympathetic chain
77
2 routes to regulate the blood flow
- nerves that innervate the ___
- nerves that innervate the ___ ____ ___
heart
| peripheral blood vessels
78
all blood vessels except the capillaries are innervated by the ___ nerves
sympathetic
79
innervation of small arteries and arterioles ___ vascular resistance
increase
80
innervations of the veins __ the volume in the small arteries and arterioles to return more blood to the heart
decreases
81
distribution of SP vasoconstrictor system is greater in the __, __, ___ and ___
kidneys
gut
spleen
skin
82
less SP vasocontrictor system to ___ ___, ___ and __
skeletal muscle
brain
heart
83
the continual firing of sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve fibers = ___ ____ tone
sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone
84
the constant impulses maintain a partial state of contraction of the blood vessels = ____ ____
vasomotor tone
85
neurotransmitter for the vasoconstrictor is ___ which acts on the ___ ___ receptors of vascular smooth muscle to cause vasoconstriction
NE
| alpha andrenergic
86
SP nerves carry SP vasodilator fibers so ___ causes dilation in skeletal muscle blood vessels by acting on ____ __ receptors
epinephrine
| beta 2
87
___ ___ is located bilaterally in the reticular substance of the medulla and lower third of the pons
vasomotor center
88
vasomotor center is composed of a ____ and ___ areas
vasoconstrictor
| vasodilator
89
vasomotor center has the capacity to increase arterial pressure:
- ____ most of the arterials
- ___ total peripheral resistance
constrict
| increase
90
vasomotor center has the capacity to increase arterial pressure:
- strongly ___ large vessels to increase venous return and cardiac output
- increase in venous return, heart muscles are stretched so to ___ contractility
constricts
| increase
91
vasomotor center has the capacity to increase arterial pressure:
- the ANS directly stimulates the heart and ___ HR and heart muscle contractile force thus ___ CO
increase
| increase
92
baroreceptor reflex: initiated by ___ recepetors in the walls of large systemic arteries
stretch
93
baroreceptor reflex:
- increase pressure stretches the baroreceptors --> send signal to ___ ___ --> feedback signal sent via the ___ nervous system --> circulation --> ___ arterial pressure back to normal
vasomotor center
autonomic
reduce
94
baroreceptor reflex:
| - ___ term regulation
short
95
baroreceptor:
- ___ type nerve endings
- wall of each ___ ___ artery just above carotid bifurcation
- in the walls of ___ ___
spray
internal carotid
aortic arch
96
baroreceptors:
| - signals from the aortic arch are transmitted through the __ nerve to the NTS of the medulla
vagus
97
carotid sinus baroreceptors respond to pressures between ___ and ___mmHg
60
| 180
98
aortic baroreceptors respond to pressure levels about __ mmHg higher
30
99
baroreceptors respond more to ____ in pressure than to stationary pressure
changes
100
if MAP is __mmHg and rising, the rate of impulse transmission from the baroreceptor is twice that of a stationary 150mmHg
150
101
as MAP increases, the number of baroreceptor signals ___ from the carotid sinus --> inhibit the ___ center --> ___ vagal PS center --> ___ of veins and ___ HR
```
increase
vasoconstriction
excite
vasodilation
increase
```
102
baroreceptors referred to as the __ __
pressure buffers
103
baroreceptor are not effective for ___ term control because they ___ if pressure remains the same
long
| adapt
104
chemoreceptors reflexes sense __ receptors
chemical
105
chemoreceptors sense a
- ___ in O2
- ___ in CO2
- ___ in H+
decrease
increase
increase
106
There are __ carotid bodies and __ aortic bodies
2
| 3
107
both the atria and the pulmonary artery have stretch receptors in their walls called __ ___ receptors
low-pressure
108
CNS ___ response = one of the most powerful of all activators of the SP vasoconstrictor system
ischemic
109
CNS ischemic response is called the ___ ___ stance to control arterial BP
last ditch
110
Cushing's response: responds to increased pressure of the CSF around the ___
brain
