Day 3 Path Flashcards
(24 cards)
1) atopic allergies means?
2) another name for dermatitis
3) define rhinitis
1) heredity plays a role
2) eczema
3) hay fever; upper respiratory tract - sneezing, coughing, teary eyes, congestion
* *asthma is lower respiratory tract
1) immunofluorescence (fluorescent antibody)
2) agglutination
3) radioimmunassay (RIA)
4) precipitation
5) Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
1) immunofluorescence- most frequently used
2) agglutination- antigen is particulate, crosslinking
3) radioimmunassay (RIA)- quantification of antigens and HAPTONS
4) precipitation- antigen is solution
5) Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)-quantification of antigens and ANTIBODIES in patient specimens
compliment activation is what type of hypersensitivity?
type 3
IgE allergies is what type of hypersensitivity?
type 1
T-lymphocytes has what type of hypersensitivity?
type 4
what are the 3 major pathways of complement activation?
** all 3 pathways result in the production of ___ convertase?
1) classical pathway- IgG or IgM binding to C1 (requires calcium)
2) alternative pathway- C3 binding to microbial sell surfaces
3) lectin pathway- plasma lectins that bind to mannose residues in bacterial cells
**C3 convertase,, initiating the formation of membrane attack complex (MAC) to lyse cell
natural vs artificial vs active vs passive acquired immunity?
- natural active- exposed to an antigen, body responds
- natural passive- mother to fetus
- artificial active- vaccine
- artificial passive- given preformed antibodies, immune serum
- active= good bc long term; bad bc slow onset
- passive= good bc immediate protection; bad bc not long term
are haptons immunogenic? what are they?
NO bc cannot activate helper T-cells by themselves; too small, need carrier protein
T or F… all antigens are immunogens
FALSE
- all immunogens are antigens!!!!!
- antigen= bind antibodies or T-cell antigen receptors
- immunogens= antibodies that can stimulate an immune response
innate/natural vs acquired/adaptive immunity
innate/natural
- nonspecific
- doesn’t improve after exposure
- no memory cells
- phagocytosis by necrophils and macrophages
- both humoral components (complement, interferons) and cellular components (macro, eo, NK cells)
acquired/adaptive
- specific
- stronger protection after initial exposure
- long term memory aka ANAMNESTIC REPSONSE aka devel antibodies
- mediated by antibodies and T-cells (helper and cytotoxic)
- both humoral (Bcell) and cell mediated (Tcell)
what are the 3 majors pthways for complement activation?
** all 3 pathways result in production of ____ convertase that ultimately leads to?
1) classical- IgG and OgM isotypes binding to C1; needs calcium, antibody DEPENDENT
2) alternative pathway- activated by C3 binding to microbial surfaces; INdependent
3) lectin pathway- plasma lectins which bind mannose residues on bacterial cells; INdependent
** C3 convertase that results in formation of membrane attack complex (MAC) leads to lysis of target cell
1) leukotriences are formed from?
2) pathophsyological role in what?
1) arachidonic acid; other unsaturated fatty acids
2) pathophsyological role in inflammation and allergic reactions
what is responsible for primary symptoms of anaphylaxis? main symptoms that cause death?
**treatment?
histamine
*bronchial constriction and reduced blood pressure
**treat with epinephrine to dilate bronchioles and increase BP
MHC class 1 vs MHC class 2
MHC class 1
- CD*+ T-cells (cytotoxic)
- expressed on ALL nucleated cells
- binds and presents peptides derived from cytosolic proteins
- 1 alpha and 1 beta-2-microglobin chain*
MHC class 2
- CD4+ T-cells (helper)
- expressed ONLY on professional antigen presenting cells (APC, macro,B-cells)
- binds and presents peptides derived from endocytosed proteins
- 1 alpha and 1 beta chain
1) botulinum toxin
2) tetanus
3) gas gangrene
4) diphtheria
5) anthrax
1) botulinum toxin - clostridium botulinum
- MOST POTENT TOXINS known for humans
- inhibits acetylcholine release
- respiratory failure
2) tetanus- clostridium tetani
- lockjaw, can’t relax, spasms
- inhibits glycine release
3) gas gangrene- clostridium perfringes
- G+ rods, most commonly produce Alpha toxins, anaerobic conditions
4) diphtheria- inhibits protein synthesis
5) anthrax- made of 3 proteins: protective antigen, edema factor enzyme and lethal factor enzyme
What infections are associated with the following?
1) neutrophils
2) eosinophils
3) lymphocytes
4) monocytes
- leukocytosis= WBC count greater than 11,000
1) neutrophils -acute bacterial infections, stress
2) eosinophils -parasitic infection, allergy, asthma
3) lymphocytes -viral infection, TB
4) monocytes -malaria, rickettsia, TB
do viral or bacterial infections lower leukocyte counts?
viral
Influenza A, B and C are the only members of what family?? what envelopes these viruses? treatment?
orthomyxovirus
- A most common and severe
- do not give children aspirin for it, causes Reye’s
- meds inhibit replication by interfering with viral attachment and uncoating (Ex: amantadine)
- 2 envelope glycoprotein spikes called hemagglutinin and neuraminidase
tuberculosis
primary vs secondary
mycobacterium tuberculosis
* granulomatous inflammation is characteristic of both primary and secondary
primary- initial infection, GHON COMPLEX, most often asymtomatic
secondary- activation of Ghon complex which spreads
- CAVITATION
- miliary or disseminated TB
1) most common sexual transmitted disease and cause?
2) second most common disease?
3) often associated with?
1) Clamydial infections caused by C. trachomatis
2) gonorrhea caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
3) chlamydia, syphilis, and gonorrhea often occur together
* ** associated with PID (pelvic inflammatory disease)
syphilis is caused by? characteristic lesions?
Treponema pallidum - good prognosis if treated early otherwise heart failure and demintia
- primary- chancre, lips common site
- secondary- condyloma lata, HIGHLY infectious
- teritary- gumma, common on palate and tongue, neurologic symptoms
condyloma acuminatum is associated with?
HPV; it’s a benign squamous cell papilloma, multiple lesions in anogenital region
define encephalitis
inflmamation of brain
- commonly caused by VIRAL infections such as arboviruses (arthropods- tick) or enteroviruses
1) pandemic
2) endemic
3) epidemic
4) highly communicable
5) acute
6) chronic
7) latent state
8) chronic state
1) pandemic =worldwide
2) endemic =minimal levels within population
3) epidemic =more frequently than normal within population
4) highly communicable = ‘contagious’
5) acute = short term active with symptoms
6) chronic =long term active with symtoms
7) latent state =needs reactivation for growth and symptoms to occur
8) chronic carrier state =organisms continue to grow with or without producing symptoms in host
