december formative Flashcards
what passes through the cribriform plate
olfactory nerve fibres
what bony structures does the falx cerebri attach to
crista gali of ethmoid
frontal crest of frontal bone
what are the actions of the rectus abdominis
flex and rotate trunk
control pelvis tilt
what do the extrinsic muscles of the tongue do
change the position
how many facial bones are there
14
what structures pass through the foramen transversium
vertebral arteries
which opening does cranial nerve I pass through
cribriform plate of ethmoid
what features of the large intestine make it distinguishable from the small intestine
omental appendices (small, fatty projections) haustra teniae coli - thick bands of smooth muscle (longitudinal incomplete, circular poke out)
list the 4 supra hyoid muscles
mylohyoid
geniohyoid
digastric
stylohyoid
which type of fibres does the trigeminal VI nerve carry
sensory - cornea, forehead, scalp, eyelids, nose, sinuses
what are the ascending and descending tracts of the white matter in the spinal cord
ascending - sensory
descending - motor
which cranial nerve emerges just above the superior cerebellar artery
CN III - oculomotor
what are paranasal air sinuses
air filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity
which cranial nerve innervates hearing and balance
vestibulocochlear
where is the vestibule of the oral cavity
between lips/ cheek and gums/teeth
is there conjunctiva over cornea
no
what causes an indirect inguinal hernia
congenital weakness in the deep inguinal ring allowing abdominal contents to enter canal
which lobe contains the primary sensory cortex
parietal
describe the pathway of the facial nerve
post/medulla junction –> internal acoustic meatus –> facial canal –> stylomastoid foramen
what 3 holes do all neuromuscular structures enter the orbit through
optic foramen
superior orbital fissure
inferior orbital fissure
which muscles in the eye receive parasympathetic innervation from CN III
ciliaris
constrictor pupilae
what is the action of the stapedius
pulls stapedius posteriorly - tightens annular ligaments reducing oscillatory range
from what artery do the vertebral arteries arise from
subclavian
what is the blood supply to the inner and outer layers of the retina
inner - ophthalmic
outer - choroid
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the olfactory nerve
anosmia
what action do the infrahyoids have on the hyoid bone
depress
what passes through the optic foramen
optic nerve
phthalmic artery
3 parts of the skull
neuro-cranium
facial skull (viscera cranium)
mandible
which abdominal region is the appendix located
right iliac / groin
name some organs in the hypogastric region of the abdomen
small intestine
sigmoid colon
bladder
how can a cavernous sinus infection cause loss of vision
spread by emissary veins - compromised venous drainage
all nerves sit on wall of dura mater near sinus - spread
what do somatic motor nerves supply
striated muscle under voluntary control
which vein does the EJV drain into
subclavian
which layer of the eye is inflamed in uveitis
vascular layer
what is the secretomotor parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland
glossopharyngeal
what structure do the open parts of the medulla open on to (superior)
4th ventricle
which cranial nerves emerge from the pontomedullary junction
CN VI, VII, VIII,
what is Herpes Zoster
virus that travels down nerves in a dermatomal function causing skin lesions and accompanied by sever pain
the supra-orbital artery is a branch of what
internal carotid artery
what artery is the middle meningeal artery a branch of
maxillary
the tail of which organ is closely related to the spleen
pancreas
what is the clinical significance of parabolic gutters
infective material form abdominal organs can accumulate elsewhere
what is the level of the gall bladder
9th costal cartilage
what is the name of the fissure separating the left and right cerebral hemisphere
median longitudinal fissure
what passes through the internal acoustic foramen
CN VII, VIII
which opening does cranial nerve IV pass through
superior orbital fissure
what is the sympathetic nerve supply to the abdominal viscera
abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves (greater T5-9, lesser T10-11, least T12)
pre-vertebral sympathetic ganglia
abdominal aortic plexuses
what are the 4 groups of lymph nodes draining the stomach
superior gastric supra-pyloric pancreaticollenal inferior gastric ALL DRAIN INTO CELIAC
what things can cause a cranial nerve palsy
aneurysm trauma stroke infection inflammation diabetes
which foramen does the facial nerve pass through to the middle ear
internal acoustic foramen
which division of the anterior triangle do the facial artery and submandibular gland lie
digastric / submandibular
which foramen does the medulla pass through to become the spinal cord
foramen magnum
what muscle runs from the thyroid to the hyoid bone (infra hyoid)
thyrohyoid
where is the trabecular meshwork and schelmms canal
angle of anterior chamber
what opens into the inferior meatus
nasolacrimal duct
which component of the brainstem does the middle cerebellar peduncle sit on
pons
what parts of the colon are retroperitonised
ascending colon
descending colon
what bone forms the rood of the nasopharynx
sphenoid
which gland sits above the colliculi
pineal
where does the maxillary branch of the trigeminal enter the orbit
inferior orbital fissure
what is the sella turcica
deep depression in the midline in the middle cranial fossa where the pituitary gland sits (sphenoid bone)
what arteries link the internal carotids to the posterior cerebral
posterior communicating
what fluid circulates around the subarachnoid space
CSF
which arteries supply the thyroid
superior thyroid
inferior thyroid
what is the internal capsule made up of
myelinated axons - white matter
which cranial nerves emerge from the brainstem
CN III- XII
what bones is the zygomatic arch made up of
temporal
zygomatic
which 2 structures open into the cavity of caecum
ileum ascending colon
define he peritoneal cavity
potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum , containing peritoneal fluid.
what type of ossification occurs in the flat bones of the skull
intramembranous
what is the arterial supply to the superior 1/3 of the rectum
superior rectal artery
what is the lymphatic drainage of the oesophagus
thoracic duct
which nerve branches emerge form the anterior border of the parotid gland
paranoid plexus of the facial nerve
what is contained in the vascular compartment of the neck
major blood vessels and vagus nerve
what is the peritoneum
transparent serous membrane that covers the body wall and organs
why is the right kidney slightly lower than the left
liver
what splits the anterior and posterior chambers in the anterior segment
iris
where do the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve split
trigeminal ganglion
what cells are present in gastric pits
parietal (HCl, intrinsic factor) , chief cells (pepsinogens), goblet cels
what do general sensory nerves receive inputs from
touch, temperature, pain
what sulcus divides the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue
terminal sulcus
which part of the small intestine has the most fat
ileum
which ossicle is in contact with the tympanic membrane
malleus
at which location is the CSF reabsorbed back into the general circulation
arachnoid granulations
what are the components of the lentiform nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
what are the actions of the superior oblique
depresses
abduct
intortion
what are the 3 main branches of the abdominal aorta that supply blood to the gut
coeliac trunk
superior mesenteric artery
inferior mesenteric artery
where do the superior and inferior ophthalmic veins drain to
cavernous sinus
which lobe do each of the lateral ventricle horns pass into
anterior- frontal
body - parietal
inferior - temporal
posterior - occipital
which cranial nerves carry mixed fibres
trigeminal (sensory to face and motor to tongue)
facial (motor facial expression and sensory taste)
glossopharyngeal (motor swallowing - sensory taste)
vagus (sensory taste and visceral - motor to throat, vocal cords)
which cranial nerves are purely motor
oculomotor
trochlear
abducens
accessory (neck, soft palate, throat - swallowing) hypoglossal - tongue
what passes through the foramen magnum
medulla
meninges
vertebral arteries
CN XI
what are the 5 layers of the cornea (histology)
- epithelium - stratified squamous non keritanised
- bowman’s membrane
- stroma - collagen fibres, no blood vessels
- descents layer
- endothelium - single layer of squamous cells
what would happen if an UMN was damaged above decussation
contralateral spastic paralysis and hyperreflexia
where do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue insert and originate and what do they do
all within the tongue
alter shape
which side of optic nerve fibres cross over at the optic chaism to form the optic tracts
nasal
what is the name of the outer fascia in the neck
muscolofascial collar
which two vesicles of the neural tube give rise to the brainstem
mesencephalon
myencephalon (hindbrain)
which opening does cranial nerve VII pass through
internal acoustic meatus
what supplies general sensory innervation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
mandibular branch of the trigeminal (V3)
what is the parasympathetic supply to the abdominal viscera
anterior and posterior vagal trunks
pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2,3,4)
what 2 bones does the lambed suture separate
parietal occipital (temporal edge)
which cerebral artery supplies internal capsule
middle
which part of the autonomic nervous system acts as a vasoconstrictor
sympathetic
how long is the midbrain
2cm
what is the portal system
system of blood vessels that directs blood from the GI tract to the liver
what is the nerve supply of the stylohyoid (supra hyoid)
facial nerve
where do the parotid lymph nodes drain
scalp around parotid gland, lateral parts of the eyelids, middle ear
what is the most prominent type of papillae of the tongue
filiform
what is the posterior opening of the oral cavity called
oropharyngeal isthmus
what are the 3 foramina in the apex of the orbit
optic foramen
superior orbital fissure
inferior orbital fissure
what does the septum pellucidum do
separates anterior horns of the later ventricles
what cranial nerves are in the pharyngeal plexus and what type of fibres
glossopharyngeal - sensory
vagus - motor
which cranial nerves innervates taste
facial - anterior 2/3 (chorda tympani)
glossopharyngeal/ vagus
what structures make up the diencephalon
thalamus
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
pineal gland (posterior)
what is the function of the pyloric sphincter
controls delivery of digested food form the stomach to the duodenum
what vesicles are in the brainstem
cerebral aqueduct
4th ventricle
what does retroperitoneal mean
only covers by peritoneum anteriorly as they are firmly attached to the posterior wall
what connects the inferior petrosal sinuses at the base of the brain
basilar sinus
what parts of the colon are intraperitonised
caecum
transverse colon
sigmoid colon
which part of the temporal been does the middle ear lie in
petrous part
what are the valveless veins from the scalp to the venous sinuses called
emissary veins
what are the 4 imaginary lines used to divide the abdomen into 9 regions
right and left midclavicular
transtubercular line (inferior)
subcostal line
which opening does cranial nerve IX pass through
jugular foramen
what are the large folds extending into the lumen of the small intestine called
crypts of luberkuhn
what is the epithelium of the small intestine
simple columnar
which layer of the peritoneum is more sensitive to pressure, pain, heat and cold
parietal
which cranial nerve innervates vision
optic
what is the cause of hydrocephalus
restricted CSF - raised intacerebral pressurein infancy - enlargement of the head and reduction in cerebral mater
what is the term used to describe the upper part of the ureter
renal pelvis
which component of the brainstem do the inferior and superior colliculi sit on
midbrain POSTERIOR
where do the two optic nerves meet
optic chaism
where do the muscles of facial expression lie within
superficial fascia of the face
where is the insula
under parietal lobe (part of temporal)
what veins drain into the cavernous sinus
superior and inferior ophthalmic
superficial medial cerebral
sphenopariteal sinus
what does intraperitoneal mean
completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum (suspended by mesentery )
what 2 bones does the sagittal suture separate
2 parietal bones
what makes CSF
choroid plexus
are islets of langerhan endocrine or exocrine
endocrine - insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
describe the mucosa of the large intestine
simple columnar epithelium
no villi , no folds (flat and smooth)
what bone makes the superior and middle conchae
ethmoid
which acini of the salivary glands stains strongly
serous acini - parotid
what is the transpyloric plane
midpoint between jugular notch and pubic symphis
pylorus of stomach, neck of pancreas, duodenum, hilum of kidney, 1st lumbar vertebra
what is the pyloric sphincter
smooth muscle band between the pylorus and duodenum
what fibres are present in the corpus callosum
commissural
at what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta divide into 2 common iliac arteries
L4
which bone do the nasal bones articulate with anteriorly
frontal
which muscle lies in the lateral walls of the oral cavity
buccinator
which muscle abducts the eye
lateral rectus
which extrinsic muscle depresses the tongue
hypoglossus
what is the action of the ciliaris muscle
accommodation
how would you locate the transpyloric plane on a patient
1/2 way between jugular notch and pubic symphis
which mode of imaging is good for the ureters
IV pyelogram
which 2 veins make the internal jugular vein
facial vein
anterior retromandibular
where does the sympathetic innervation of the parotid gland originate
external carotid nerve plexus
What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle
SCM, trapezium, middle 1/3 clavicle
what are the 3 major openings in the diaphragm
T8 - IVC
T10 - oesophagus
T12 - aorta
name some organs in the left hypochondriac region of the abdomen
stomach
spleen
kidney
what are the components of the outer fibrous layer of they eye
sclera (5/6th) - white of eye
cornea (1/6th)
which foramen does the cerebellum sit above
foramen magnum
which ossicle is in contact with the oval window
stapes
list the 9 regions of the abdomen
right hypochondriac epigastric left hypochondriac right lumbar umbilical left lumbar right iliac/ inguinal hypogastric left iliac
what is the role of air sinuses
decrease weight of the skull
what movements occur at the TMJ
elevation (close mouth) depression (open mouth) protrusion retrusion (chin) side to side - chewing
what is the facial artery a branch of
external carotid
what muscle lies immediately posterior to the facial artery
massetor
what is the blood supply to the internal capsule
middle cerebral artery
what is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands
endocrine secrete into bloodstream and exorcise secrete out
what lymph nodes are the contents of the submental division of the anterior triangle
submental lymph nodes
name some organs in the left iliac region of the abdomen
small intestine
descending colon
sigmoid colon
list some of the facial muscles
occipitofrontalis orbicularis occuli palpebral orbicularis orisbuccinator buccinator platysma
which artery is the CCA a branch of on the right
brachiocephalic (other branch is subclavian)
what are the 4 protuberances on the hyoid bone called
2 greater horn, 2 lesser horn
which bones make the roof of the nose
nasal
frontal
sphenoid
ethmoid (cribriform plate)
what suspends the lens form the ciliary body
suspensory ligaments
what tissue makes up the palatine tissue
lymphoid
what are the attachments of the greater omentum
greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon
which opening does cranial nerve XII pass through
hypoglossal foramen
which part of the small intestine does the pancreatic duct open into
duodenum
where are the ependymal cells
inside ventricles / central canal
what number is Brocas area (motor speech)
44/ 45 - at lateral sulcus
which portions of the stomach are the rugae most apparent in
pylorus
greater curvature
what in the spinal cord is a continuation of the ventricular system
central canal
what are projection fibres
run between cortex and subcostal centres
what are the main contents of the orbit
orbital fat extrinsic eye muscles optic nerve branches of ophthalmic artery lacrimal tear apparatus
what effect would parasympathetic stimulation have on GI secretion
increase (vasodilation)
what is the action of the occipitofrontalis muscle
elevate eyebrows, wrinkle forehead
what passes through the hypoglossal foramen
CN XII
which opening does cranial nerve VIII pass through
internal acoustic meatus
what does the extra hepatic biliary apparatus consist of
right and left hepatic ducts common hepatic duct gallbladder cystic duct bile duct
what opens into the sphenoethmoidal recess
sphenoid sinus
which arteries run near the parotid gland
external temporal –> superficial temporalfacial
which branch of the trigeminal innervates the maxillary air sinus
V2
what separates the anterior and posterior segments
lens
where innervated visceral pain
autonomic nerves - referred, dull, poorly localised pain
list some hindgut structures
distal transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colonrectum
what is the clinical presentation of damage to the facial nerve
bells palsy - can’t frown, close eyelid or bare teeth
where does the lateral pterygoid run to
TMJ
which mode of radiology lets you see the abdominal arteries
abdominal angiogram
what is the gland on the side of the face
parotid
which 2 nerves are a branch of the mandibular nerve
lingual (tongue)
inferior alveolar nerve (lower jaw)
what muscle runs from the sternum to the hyoid bone (infra hyoid)
sternohyoid
what is the function of the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx during swallowing
elevate larynx
what is the secretomotor parasympathetic innervation to the submental and submandibular gland
facial - chorda tympani
how does the attachment of facial muscles differ to other skeletal muscles
they attach to each other
where does the vertebra-basilar system supply
brainstem
occipital lobe
cerebellum
what would happen to the cheek during chewing in facial nerve palsy
food accumulates in oral vestibule (buccinator)
what part of the brain does the 3rd ventricle of the brain lie in
diencephalon
the tracts for what run in the posterior / dorsal column
touch, pressure, proprioception(cross at medulla)
which 2 arteries form the basilar trunk
vertebral
what are intorsion and extortion
intorsion - top of eyeball moves towards the nose
extortion is opposite
what are the actions of the inferior oblique
elevates
abducts
extort
where do the buccal lymph nodes drain
cheek region
which opening does cranial nerve VI pass through
superior orbital fissure
what number of area is the primary sensory area
1, 2, 3 - post central gyrus
which opening does cranial nerve V3 pass through
foramen vales
what is immediately superior to the midbrain
the thalamus
where is bile produced
liver
where are the 4 sites of portocaval anastomosis
distal oesophagus
bare liver
umbilicus
1/2 anal canal
what is the arterial supply to the middle 1/3 and inferior 1/3 of the rectum
right/ left middle rectal arteries
which of the tongue papillae have stratified squamous KERITANISED epithelium (dorsal surface)
filiform papillae (no taste buds)
what bone forms the pterygoid plates
sphenoid
how would the eye be if CN IV was damaged
eyelid turned upwards as inferior oblique tries to compensate
which ribs are related to the spleen
9, 10, 11
where are the constrictor papillae and the dilator papillae located
pupillary border of the iris
where are the constrictor and dilator pupil muscles
iris
what two organs does the small intestine extend between
pylorus of stomach
ileocaecal junction
branches from which arteries fuse to form the anterior spinal artery
vertebral
what is the epithelium of the nasal cavity
pseudo stratified ciliated columnar
what are the bony attachments of the masseter
maxillary process of the zygomatic
zygomatic arch of temporal bone
where is the cingulate and what is it involved in
frontal lobe (middle) - retrieving info and memory
what is the specialised structure lining the ventricles that produces CSF
choroid plexus
what are the names of the sections of the stomach
fundus, body, antrum
what are the 3 parts of the brainstem
midbrain
pons
medulla
what is the nerve supply to the soft palate muscles
pharyngeal plexus (not tensor veli palatini)
the superficial temporal artery is a branch of what
external carotid artery
which of the supra hyoid muscles can you not see on the surface
geniohyoid - under myelohyoid
what fibres are contained in the chorda tympani
parasympathetic - secretomotor to salivary glands
special sensory - taste of anterior 2/3
what joint is present between the zygomatic arch bones
suture
what is the function of he suspensory ligament in the eyeball
resist posterior pull on the eyeball
what are the 3 primary vesicles (week 4)
prosencephalon (forebrain)
mesencephalon (midbrain)
rhombocephalon (hindbrain)
where is the epiploic foramen located
free edge of the lesser sac
what are the 3 constrictor muscles of the pharynx (outer constrictor layer)
superior
middle
inferior
can’t be separated
what does the groove of the transverse sinus continue as laterally
sigmoid sinus
what is the function of bile
aid digestion of lipids
what are areas 18 and 19
visual association areas
which opening does cranial nerve V1 pass through
superior orbital fissure
what is the space above the superior concha
sphene-ethmoidal recess
which type of fibres does the vestibulocochlear nerve carry
special sensory - hearing from cochlea and balance form semicircular canals (position of head), sacule and utricle (up and down)
name some organs in the right lumbar region of the abdomen
ascending colon
right kidney
small intestine
where is the petrous part of the temporal bone
inside the external ear canal on the floor of the skull
which group of structures is the substantia nigra structurally part of
basal ganglia
what is the nerve supply of the digastric (supra hyoid)
mandibular (V3)
facial
which nerve plexus does the phrenic nerve arise from
cervical plexus
which cranial nerve is tested by sticking out the tongue
hypoglossal
what occurs at the decussation of the pyramids
motor fibres cross over
what nerve innervates the palatoglossus
vagus
which cerebral artery supplies the area for olfaction
middle
what is a meatus
space underneath a conchae
paranasal sinuses and ducts open into
what attaches to the crista gali (ethmoid bone)
falx celebri
what bone is the mastoid process part of
temporal
which acini are present in the submandibular salivary gland
mixed - stains dark and pale
what people are predisposed to angle closure glaucoma
long sighted (hyperopia/ short eye)
what condition arises form a patchy loss/ scarring of the myelin sheath
multiple sclerosis
which artery supplies the foregut
coeliac
which branch of the ICA supplies the orbit and eye
ophthalmic
which dural sinus runs along the attachment of the falx cerebri to the tentorium
straight sinus
what are the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue
genioglossus
hypoglossus
styloglossus
palatoglossus (attaches to soft palate)
which type of fibres does the vagus nerve carry
special sensory - taste epiglottis and palategeneral sensory - auricle, external acoustic meatusvisceral sensory - pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, heart, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine visceral motor - parasympathetic to bronci, heart somatic motor - pharynx, larynx, soft palate, oesophagus
where is the grey matter of the cerebral hemispheres
on surface
which part of the duodenum does the pancreatic duct open
sphincter of oddi
what way do the eyes rotate in intortion (when the head is tilted)
towards the nose
when do umbilical hernias occur
abdominal contents pass through a weakness at the site of the passage of the umbilical cord through the abdominal wall
what is a cerebellar coning
sudden drop in intracranial pressure causes the tonsils to herniate through the foramen
which part of the mandible does the medial pterygoid attach to
ramus (near angle)
what is at the bottom of the nose
soft palate
what is the septum pellucid continuous with
corpus callosum
fornix
where does the facial nerve give of the chorda tympani
middle ear
what does RADSIN stand for (eye muscles)
Recti - Adduct - Superior Intort
what is the largest foramen in the posterior fossa
foramen magnum
which foramen does the facial nerve emerge onto the face
stylomastoid
what are the 3 parts of the pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
what is the nerve supply of the geniohyoid (supra hyoid)
C1
what is unique about the hyoid bone
only bone in the body not articulated to another bone
