neuroanatomy Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
what are the 3 parts of the brainstem
A
midbrain
pons
medulla
2
Q
which two vesicles of the neural tube give rise to the brainstem
A
mesencephalon
myencephalon (hindbrain)
3
Q
which cranial nerves emerge from the brainstem
A
CN III- XII
4
Q
which ventricular cavities lie in the brainstem
A
3rd / 4th
5
Q
which cranial nerves emerge from the pontomedullary junction
A
CN VI, VII, VIII,
6
Q
what fibres are contained in the pyramid tracts
A
contain motor fibres
7
Q
what occurs at the decussation of the pyramids
A
motor fibres cross over
8
Q
where are the olives in relation the the pyramid tract
A
lateral
9
Q
what structure do the open parts of the medulla open on to (superior)
A
4th ventricle
10
Q
which foramen does the medulla pass through to become the spinal cord
A
foramen magnum
11
Q
which component of the brainstem does the middle cerebellar peduncle sit on
A
pons
12
Q
how long is the midbrain
A
2cm
13
Q
what is immediately superior to the midbrain
A
the thalamus
14
Q
which component of the brainstem do the inferior and superior colliculi sit on
A
midbrain POSTERIOR
15
Q
what structures make up the diencephalon
A
thalamus
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
pineal gland (posterior)
16
Q
what are the surface projections on the hypothalamus called
A
tuber cinereum
17
Q
what is the midline structure than connects the two cerebellar hemispheres
A
vermis
18
Q
what are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum
A
anterior
posterior
flocondular
remember tonsil connecting to medulla
19
Q
which foramen does the cerebellum sit above
A
foramen magnum
20
Q
what is a cerebellar coning
A
sudden drop in intracranial pressure causes the tonsils to herniate through the foramen
21
Q
what is the name of the fissure separating the left and right cerebral hemisphere
A
median longitudinal fissure
22
Q
what fibres are present in the corpus callosum
A
commissural
23
Q
what do the cerebral hemispheres sit on in the posterior cranial fossa
A
tentorium cerebelli
24
Q
what lobes does the lateral (sylvan) fissure run between
A
temporal
frontal/ parietal
25
which lobe contains the primary motor cortex
frontal
26
which lobe contains the primary visual cortex
occipital
27
which lobe contains the primary sensory cortex
parietal
28
which lobe contains the primary auditory cortex
temporal
29
what lobes does the parieto-occipital sulcus run in
parietal
| occipital
30
when does the spinal cord terminate in an adult
L1-L2
31
what happens to the pia mater inferior to the spinal cord
filum terminale
32
where is the caudal equina
end of the spinal cord
33
list the 31 pairs of spinal nerves
```
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
```
34
which 2 arteries form the basilar trunk
vertebral
35
what are the 3 branches of the basilar artery
anterior inferior cerebellar
labyrinthe
superior cerebellar
36
which artery gives off the posterior inferior cerebellar artery
vertebral
37
from what artery do the vertebral arteries arise from
subclavian
38
what arteries link the internal carotids to the posterior cerebral
posterior communicating
39
what artery linked the two anterior communicating arteries
anterior communicating
40
which cerebral arteries supply the primary motor cortex
anterior and middle
41
which cerebral artery supplies the primary sensory area
anterior
42
which cerebral artery supplies the primary visual cortex
posterior
43
which cerebral artery supplies the primary auditory area
middle
44
which cerebral artery supplies the area for olfaction
middle
45
where does the vertebra-basilar system supply
brainstem
occipital lobe
cerebellum
46
which cranial nerve emerges just above the superior cerebellar artery
CN III - oculomotor
47
what are the manifestations of CN III palsy
ptosis
no accommodation
eyeball abducted
no pupillary right reflex
48
what is the carotid sinus
pressure receptor at terminal common carotid - monitors flow of blood to head
49
which CN do sensory nerves from the carotid sinus run in
glossopharyngeal
| vagus
50
what is contained in the carotid body
chemoreceptors sensitive to low oxygen (run in glossopharyngeal)
51
where are he dural venous sinuses present
between periosteum and dura matter
52
which major cerebral vein is visible
great cerebral vein
53
list the venous sinuses in the head
superior sagittal
inferior sagittal
transverse, straight, sigmoid (meet and confluence)
cavernous
54
where does the superior ophthalmic vein drain into
cavernous sinus
55
what are emissary veins
small veins that connect the venous sinuses with the diploe of the skull
56
what connects the inferior petrosal sinuses at the base of the brain
basilar sinus
57
what veins drain into the cavernous sinus
superior and inferior ophthalmic
superficial medial cerebral
sphenopariteal sinus
58
what locations of infections can spread to the cavernous sinus causing cavernous sinus thrombosis
sinuses, ears, teeth
59
branches from which arteries fuse to form the anterior spinal artery
vertebral
60
which arteries are the posterior spinal arteries branches of
vertebral
| posterior inferior cerebellar
61
what plexus of veins lies in the epidural space
internal vertebral venous plexus
62
what fluid circulates around the subarachnoid space
CSF
63
what structures does the falx cerebri separate
right and left cerebral hemispheres
64
what bony structures does the falx cerebri attach to
crista gali of ethmoid
| frontal crest of frontal bone
65
which dural venous sinus runs along the upper border of the falx cerebri
superior sagittal
66
which structures does the tentorrium cerebelli separate
cerebellum
| occipital lobe
67
which dural sinus runs along the attachment of the falx cerebri to the tentorium
straight sinus
68
what bone does the anterior edge of the tentorium cerebelli attach to
crinoid process of the sphenoid
69
what is the fold of dura mater that surround the pituitary stalk
diaphragma sellae
70
what artery is the middle meningeal artery a branch of
maxillary
71
what are ventricles
interconnected spaces/ cavities that lie within the brain
72
what in the spinal cord is a continuation of the ventricular system
central canal
73
which lobe do each of the lateral ventricle horns pass into
anterior- frontal
body - parietal
inferior - temporal
posterior - occipital
74
what part of the brain does the 3rd ventricle of the brain lie in
diencephalon
75
what does the cerebral aqueduct connect
3rd ventricle to the 4th
76
what is the specialised structure lining the ventricles that produces CSF
choroid plexus
77
where are the ependymal cells
inside ventricles / central canal
78
at which location is the CSF reabsorbed back into the general circulation
arachnoid granulations
79
what is the cause of hydrocephalus
restricted CSF - raised intacerebral pressure
| in infancy - enlargement of the head and reduction in cerebral mater
80
what are the 4 parts of the corps callosum
rostrum
genu
body
splenium
81
what does the septum pellucidum do
separates anterior horns of the later ventricles
82
what is the septum pellucid continuous with
corpus callosum
| fornix
83
what two things does the fornix link
hippocampus
| hypothalamus
84
which basal ganglia lies under the lateral ventricle
caudate nucleus
85
what is the function of the thalamus
sensory relay station
86
which nucleus of the thalamus does most general sensory information from the body go to
VPL - ventro-postero-lateral
87
which gland sits above the colliculi
pineal
88
what are the components of the lentiform nucleus
putamen
| globus pallidus
89
what is the internal capsule made up of
myelinated axons - white matter
90
which cerebral artery supplies internal capsule
middle
91
which group of structures is the substantia nigra structurally part of
basal ganglia
92
what condition arises form a patchy loss/ scarring of the myelin sheath
multiple sclerosis
93
what are the 3 primary vesicles (week 4)
prosencephalon (forebrain)
mesencephalon (midbrain)
rhombocephalon (hindbrain)
94
what vesicles are in the brainstem
cerebral aqueduct
| 4th ventricle
95
what are the 5 secondary vesicles (week 5)
```
telencephalon
diencephalon
mesencephalon
mesencephalon
myencephalon
```
96
what absorbs CSF
arachnoid villi
97
what makes CSF
choroid plexus
98
what is the function of the superior and inferior colliculi
superior - visual reflex
| inferior - auditory reflex
99
what runs along the peduncles
motor fibres
100
what makes up the olive bodies
inferior olive nucleii
101
what connects the cerebellum to the brainstem
cerebellar peduncles
102
what does the cerebellar tonsil sit on top of
foramen magnum
103
what is the name of the pathology that occurs in the cerebellum
ataxia
104
what vesicle does the diencephalon originate from
diencephalon - forebrain
105
what is the function of the hypothalamus
main visceral control centre
| body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep/wake cycle, hormones
106
what is the carotid canal lateral to
foramen lacerum
107
what are the vertebral arteries branches of
subclavian
108
what to dural venous sinuses drain into
IJV
109
where is the grey matter of the cerebral hemispheres
on surface
110
where is the cingulate and what is it involved in
frontal lobe (middle) - retrieving info and memory
111
where is the hippocampus
under surface of temporal bone (seahorse)
112
where is the insula
under parietal lobe (part of temporal)
113
what is area 4
pre central gyrus - Primary motor cortex
114
what number is Brocas area (motor speech)
44/ 45 - at lateral sulcus
115
what number of area is the primary sensory area
1, 2, 3 - post central gyrus
116
what is area 41/42
primary audiotory cortex
117
where is wernickes area
temporal lobe of dominant hemisphere
118
what number is the primary visual cortex
17
119
what are areas 18 and 19
visual association areas
120
what are components of the limbic system
cingulate gyrus
hippocampus
parahippocampal gyrus
amygdala
121
what are commissural fibres
connect corresponding areas of the two hemispheres
122
what are association fibres
connect one part of the cortex with another in the SAME hemisphere
123
what are projection fibres
run between cortex and subcostal centres
124
what type of fibre is the internal capsule made up of
projection fibres
125
what is the blood supply to the internal capsule
middle cerebral artery
126
what type of matter are the basal ganglia
grey
127
what is the pathology of the basal ganglia
parkinsons
128
what are the ascending and descending tracts of the white matter in the spinal cord
ascending - sensory
| descending - motor
129
the tracts for what run in the posterior / dorsal column
touch, pressure, proprioception
| cross at medulla
130
the tracts for what run in the lateral spinothalmic tract
pain, temperature
131
what would happen if an UMN was damaged above decussation
contralateral spastic paralysis and hyperreflexia
132
what would happen if an UMN was damaged below decussation
ipsilateral spastic paralysis and hyperreflexia
133
what would happen if a LMN was damaged
areflexia (no reflexes)
flacid paralysis (lack of tone)
ipsilateral
134
where is the parasympathetic outflow
CN III, VII, IX, X
| S2 , 3 , 4
135
where its the sympathetic outflow
T1-L2
