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ANATOMY > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

where does the abdomen run form superiorly and inferiorly

A

thorax and pelvis

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2
Q

what are the 4 quadrants of the abdomen

A

right upper
left upper
right lower
left lower

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3
Q

what are the 2 imaginary line that divide the abdomen into the 4 quadrants

A

transumbilical

median

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4
Q

what are the 4 imaginary lines used to divide the abdomen into 9 regions

A

right and left midclavicular
transtubercular line (inferior)
subcostal line

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5
Q

list the 9 regions of the abdomen

A 
right hypochondriac
epigastric
left hypochondriac
right lumbar 
umbilical 
left lumbar
right iliac/ inguinal 
hypogastric
left iliac
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6
Q

name some organs in the right hypochondriac region of the abdomen

A

liver
gall bladder
right kidney

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7
Q

name some organs in the epigastric region of the abdomen

A

stomach
pancreas
liver

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8
Q

name some organs in the left hypochondriac region of the abdomen

A

stomach
spleen
kidney

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9
Q

name some organs in the right lumbar region of the abdomen

A

ascending colon
right kidney
small intestine

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10
Q

name some organs in the umbilical region of the abdomen

A

stomach
pancreas
transverse colon

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11
Q

name some organs in the left lumbar region of the abdomen

A

descending colon
left kidney
small intestine

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12
Q

name some organs in the right iliac region of the abdomen

A

caecum
appendix
ascending colon

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13
Q

name some organs in the hypogastric region of the abdomen

A

small intestine
sigmoid colon
bladder

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14
Q

name some organs in the left iliac region of the abdomen

A

small intestine
descending colon
sigmoid colon

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15
Q

what are the muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall

A 
external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominis
rectus abdominis 
pyramidalis
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16
Q

what nerves innervate the muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall

A

T7- T12

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17
Q

what are the actions of the obliques

A

flex/ rotate trunk

compress and support abdominal viscera

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18
Q

what is the action of the transverses abdominis

A

compress and support abdominal viscera

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19
Q

what are the actions of the rectus abdominis

A

flex and rotate trunk

control pelvis tilt

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20
Q

how does the rectus sheath differ above and below the umbilicus

A

above - 2 halves

below - all infront

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21
Q

what are the 2 layer son the fascia below the umbilicus

A 
fatty layer (superficial)
membranous layer (deep)
vessels and nerves in between
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22
Q

what is the action of the pyramidalis

A

tenses linea alba

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23
Q

what is the rectus sheath

A

aponeurosis of the external/ internal obliques and transverses abdominis, enclosing the rectus abdominis

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24
Q

what is an aponeurosis

A

broad flat tendon

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25
Q

what vertebral level is the umbilicus on the abdominal wall

A

L3-4

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26
Q

what are the bony attachments of the inguinal ligament

A

pubic tubercle

anterior superior iliac crest

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27
Q

what happens during embryology to form the inguinal canal

A

relocation of the gonads

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28
Q

what is the superficial inguinal ring in (OUT)

A

aponeurosis of external oblique

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29
Q

what is the deep superficial inguinal ring in (IN)

A

transverse fascia

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30
Q

where are the superior and inferior epigastric vessels in relation to the rectus abdominus

A

deep

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31
Q

what are the epigastric vessels branches of superiorly and inferiorly

A

superior - internal thoracic

inferior - external iliac

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32
Q

what are the contents of the male inguinal canal

A

spermatic cord
iliolinguinal nerve
blood/ lymph

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33
Q

what are the contents of the female inguinal canal

A

round ligament of the uterus
iliolinguinal nerve
blood/ lymph

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34
Q

what causes an indirect inguinal hernia

A

congenital weakness in the deep inguinal ring allowing abdominal contents to enter canal

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35
Q

what causes a direct inguinal hernia

A

abdominal contents push through a weak spot in the inguinal canal allowing the contents to enter

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36
Q

where do femoral hernias occur

A

below the inguinal ligament

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37
Q

when do umbilical hernias occur

A

abdominal contents pass through a weakness at the site of the passage of the umbilical cord through the abdominal wall

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38
Q

what are the 4 layers of the GI tract

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

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39
Q

what 3 layers make up the mucosa of the GI tract

A

epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae

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40
Q

what 2 muscle layers make up the muscularis externa

A

circular

longitudinal

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41
Q

where are villi found in the GI tract

A

small intestine

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42
Q

where in the GI tract is the epithelium stratified squamous non-keritanised

A

mouth
oesophagus
anus

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43
Q

what is the peritoneum

A

transparent serous membrane that covers the body wall and organs

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44
Q

what are the 2 subdivisions of the peritoneum

A

parietal - body wall

visceral - organs

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45
Q

define he peritoneal cavity

A

potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum , containing peritoneal fluid.

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46
Q

which passage do the greater and lesser (omental bursa) sacs communicate through

A

epiploic foramen

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47
Q

where is the epiploic foramen located

A

free edge of the lesser sac

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48
Q

what does intraperitoneal mean

A

completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum (suspended by mesentery )

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49
Q

what does retroperitoneal mean

A

only covers by peritoneum anteriorly as they are firmly attached to the posterior wall

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50
Q

list some intraperitoneal organs

A

stomach
liver
transverse colon

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51
Q

list some retroperitoneal organs

A 
ascending and descending colon 
kidneys
pancreas
aorta
oesophagus
caecum
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52
Q

which layer of the peritoneum is more sensitive to pressure, pain, heat and cold

A

parietal

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53
Q

what are the attachments of the greater omentum

A

greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon

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54
Q

what are the attachments of the lesser omentum

A

lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver

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55
Q

what is a omentum

A

double layer of peritoneum

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56
Q

why is the greater momentum known as the abdominal policeman

A

can migrate to infected areas - localising the infection and protecting against peritonitis

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57
Q

where innervates parietal pain

A

T7-12 + L1 - somatic & localised

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58
Q

where innervated visceral pain

A

autonomic nerves - referred, dull, poorly localised pain

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59
Q

what are the 3 major openings in the diaphragm

A

T8 - IVC
T10 - oesophagus
T12 - aorta

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60
Q

what are the 3 main branches of the abdominal aorta that supply blood to the gut

A

coeliac trunk
superior mesenteric artery
inferior mesenteric artery

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61
Q

at what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta divide into 2 common iliac arteries

A

L4

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62
Q

what level does the coeliac branch leave the aorta

A

T12

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63
Q

what level does the superior mesenteric branch leave the aorta

A

L1

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64
Q

what level does the inferior mesenteric branch leave the aorta

A

L3

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65
Q

which artery supplies the foregut

A

coeliac

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66
Q

which artery supplies the midgut

A

superior mesenteric

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67
Q

which artery supplies the hindgut

A

inferior mesenteric

68
Q

list some foregut structures

A 
abdominal oesophagus
stomach
1st part of small intestine
Liver
Gall bladder
69
Q

list some midgut structures

A 
small intestine
caecum
appendix 
ascending colon
proximal transverse colon
70
Q

list some hindgut structures

A

distal transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum

71
Q

what is the portal system

A

system of blood vessels that directs blood from the GI tract to the liver

72
Q

which two veins form the portal vein

A

splenic vein

superior mesenteric vein

73
Q

where are the 4 sites of portocaval anastomosis

A

distal oesophagus
bare liver
umbilicus
1/2 anal canal

74
Q

what is the clinical significance of portocaval anastomoses

A

allows blood to be redirected if there is a blockage

75
Q

what is the sympathetic nerve supply to the abdominal viscera

A

abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves (greater T5-9, lesser T10-11, least T12)
pre-vertebral sympathetic ganglia
abdominal aortic plexuses

76
Q

what is the parasympathetic supply to the abdominal viscera

A

anterior and posterior vagal trunks

pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2,3,4)

77
Q

what effect would parasympathetic stimulation have on GI secretion

A

increase (vasodilation)

78
Q

what effect would parasympathetic stimulation have on GI motility

A

increase

79
Q

what vertebral levels do the kidneys lie

A

T12- L3

80
Q

why is the right kidney slightly lower than the left

A

liver

81
Q

which 3 thinks leave the hilum of the kidney

A

renal artery
renal vein
pelvis of ureter

82
Q

where is the suprarenal gland located

A

above kidney , below crura (endocrine)

83
Q

what are the ureters

A

muscular ducts that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

84
Q

what is the term used to describe the upper part of the ureter

A

renal pelvis

85
Q

how are the ureters peritonised

A

retroperitoneal

86
Q

what is the level of the cardiac sphincter

A

left 6th costal cartilage

87
Q

what is the level of the gall bladder

A

9th costal cartilage

88
Q

what structures go through the oesophageal hiatus (T10)

A

oesophagus, vagus nerve, oesophageal arteries, phrenic vessels

89
Q

what is the blood supply to the oesophagus

A

branches of the left gastric artery

90
Q

what is the venous drainage of the oesophagus

A

azygous vein

91
Q

what is the lymphatic drainage of the oesophagus

A

thoracic duct

92
Q

what are the names of the sections of the stomach

A

fundus, body, antrum

93
Q

what is the pyloric sphincter

A

smooth muscle band between the pylorus and duodenum

94
Q

what is the function of the pyloric sphincter

A

controls delivery of digested food form the stomach to the duodenum

95
Q

what is the condition where the pyloric sphincter doesn’t function

A

congenital pyloric stenosis

96
Q

what abdominal organs suspend the stomach

A

liver - lesser omentum

transverse colon - greater omentum

97
Q

what are rugae formed from

A

mucosa epithelium

98
Q

which portions of the stomach are the rugae most apparent in

A

pylorus

greater curvature

99
Q

what are the 4 groups of lymph nodes draining the stomach

A 
superior gastric
supra-pyloric
pancreaticollenal
inferior gastric 
ALL DRAIN INTO CELIAC
100
Q

which curve does gastric cancer commonly occur on

A

greater curve

101
Q

what is the effect of increased vagal stimulation on the pylorus

A

increased motility

102
Q

what two organs does the small intestine extend between

A

pylorus of stomach

ileocaecal junction

103
Q

what are the 3 parts of the small intestine

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

104
Q

which part of the small intestine does the pancreatic duct open into

A

duodenum

105
Q

how does the colour vary between the jejunum and ileum

A

jejunum is darker and ileum is a paler pink

106
Q

which part of the small intestine has the most fat

A

ileum

107
Q

describe the vasa recta and arcades (Arterial loops) in the jejunum and ileum

A

jejunum - long vasa recta and few large loops of arcades

ileum - short vasa recta and many short loops

108
Q

which part of the autonomic nervous system acts as a vasoconstrictor

A

sympathetic

109
Q

what features of the large intestine make it distinguishable from the small intestine

A 
omental appendices (small, fatty projections)
haustra
teniae coli - thick bands of smooth muscle (longitudinal incomplete, circular poke out)
110
Q

what parts of the colon are retroperitonised

A

ascending colon

descending colon

111
Q

what parts of the colon are intraperitonised

A

caecum
transverse colon
sigmoid colon

112
Q

which abdominal region is the appendix located

A

right iliac / groin

113
Q

which 2 structures open into the cavity of caecum

A

ileum

ascending colon

114
Q

what is McBurneys point

A

site of maximum tenderness

115
Q

what is the arterial supply to the superior 1/3 of the rectum

A

superior rectal artery

116
Q

what is the arterial supply to the middle 1/3 and inferior 1/3 of the rectum

A

right/ left middle rectal arteries

117
Q

give the drainage of the superior, middle and inferior rectum

A

superior rectal vein
middle rectal vein
inferior rectal vein

118
Q

what is the role of the pelvic floor in maintaining faecal continence

A

muscles contract until voluntarily released

119
Q

what ligaments are found in the lesser omentum

A

hepatoduodenal

hepatogastric

120
Q

what is the falciform ligament

A

attaches liver liver to anterior body wall

121
Q

what is the round ligament of the liver a remnant of

A

umbilical vein

122
Q

what are the paracolic gutters

A

spaces between colon and the abdominal wall

posterolateral to large intestine

123
Q

what is the clinical significance of parabolic gutters

A

infective material form abdominal organs can accumulate elsewhere

124
Q

what muscle type forms the muscularis externa

A

smooth

125
Q

what muscle type forms the muscularis mucosae

A

smooth

126
Q

in a histology of the stomach which cells are pink and which are purple

A

pink - parietal

purple - chief cells

127
Q

what cells are present in gastric pits

A

parietal (Hal, intrinsic factor) , chief cells (pepsinogens), goblet cels

128
Q

what are the large folds extending into the lumen of the small intestine called

A

crypts of luberkuhn

129
Q

what is the epithelium of the small intestine

A

simple columnar

130
Q

in the small intestine, do the glands in the lamina propria extend beyond the muscularis mucosae

A

no - brunners glands in small intestine (bicarbonate)

131
Q

what is the transpyloric plane

A

midpoint between jugular notch and pubic symphis

pylorus of stomach, neck of pancreas, duodenum, hilum of kidney, 1st lumbar vertebra

132
Q

what are the 3 imaging techniques using barium

A 
barium meal (Stomach)
barium meal follow through (small intestine)
barium meal enema
133
Q

what is the function of the spleen

A

filter for blood
storage of RBC
immune response (phagocytosis)

134
Q

what region is the spleen located

A

left hypochondriac

135
Q

name the structures in the hilum of the spleen

A

splenic artery
splenic vein
gastrosphenic ligament

136
Q

the tail of which organ is closely related to the spleen

A

pancreas

137
Q

what do the exocrine glands of the pancreas secrete

A

digestive pancreatic enzymes

138
Q

what do the endocrine glands of the pancreas secrete

A

hormones

139
Q

which part of the duodenum does the pancreatic duct open

A

sphincter of oddi

140
Q

list the 4 lobes of the liver

A

right
left
caudate (superior)
quadrate

141
Q

what is the bare area of the liver bare of

A

peritoneum

142
Q

what are the 3 structures at the porta hepatis

A

hepatic duct
hepatic artery
portal vein

143
Q

what does the extra hepatic biliary apparatus consist of

A 
right and left hepatic ducts
common hepatic duct
gallbladder
cystic duct
bile duct
144
Q

where is bile produced

A

liver

145
Q

where is bile stored

A

gall bladder

146
Q

where does bile enter the gut tube

A

duodenum

147
Q

what is the function of bile

A

aid digestion of lipids

148
Q

what structures make up Calot’s cystohepatic triangle

A

cystic duct
common hepatic duct
inferior surface of liver
(contains hepatic artery)

149
Q

which organ has islets of langerhans

A

pancreas

150
Q

which cells in the pancreas stain poorly and strongly

A

poor - islets of langerhans

strong - serous acini

151
Q

how are the cells arranged in the liver

A

in hexagon sheets converging towards the central vein

152
Q

what is at the corner of each lobule in the liver

A

portal triad

153
Q

in the spleen what is the main content of white pulp and red pulp

A

white - lymphocytes , T cells

rede - blood cells (RBC, platelets)

154
Q

which ribs are related to the spleen

A

9, 10, 11

155
Q

which mode of radiology lets you see the abdominal arteries

A

abdominal angiogram

156
Q

which mode of imaging is good for the ureters

A

IV pyelogram

157
Q

what is the difference between the visceral and somatic innervation of the anal canal

A

visceral - sensitive to stretch

somatic - voluntary

158
Q

what cells are present in the duodenum and ileum

A

duodenum - brunners

ileum - peyers patches

159
Q

how would you locate the transpyloric plane on a patient

A

1/2 way between jugular not and pubic symphis

160
Q

what are the 3 muscular layers of the stomach lining

A

longitudinal
circular
oblique

161
Q

which vein does the inferior mesenteric vein drain into

A

splenic

162
Q

how does the muscularis externa differ along the oesophagus

A

upper 1/3 skeletal

lower 2/3 smooth

163
Q

which part of the pancreas is in close contact with the spleen

A

tail

164
Q

are islets of langerhan endocrine or exocrine

A

endocrine - insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

165
Q

what is at the centre of each liver lobule and what radiates around

A

central vein - hepatic cords

166
Q

in the small intestine what are the villi that extend into the lamina propria and what do they do

A

crypts of lieberkuhn - secrete CL and H20

167
Q

describe the mucosa of the large intestine

A

simple columnar epithelium

no villi , no folds (flat and smooth)

ANATOMY (15 decks)

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