Deep Time

Question 1

Hadean

Answer 1

4.56Ga

Earth Formed

Question 2

Archean

Answer 2

4.0Ga

Oxygen producing cyanobacteria (boundary of Archean and Protozoic).
Early bacterias

Question 3

Phanerozoic

Answer 3

0.546Ga

Question 4

Cambrian

Answer 4

5.46Ma

Main plant Phyla

Question 5

Ordovian

Answer 5

485Ma

Land plants (upper of the period)

Question 6

Silurian

Answer 6

444Ma

Jawed fishes (lower of the period)

Question 7

Devonian

Answer 7

419Ma

Devonian (upper of the period)

Question 8

Carboniferous

Answer 8

358Ma

Reptiles

Question 9

Permian

Answer 9

289Ma

Question 10

Triassic

Answer 10

252Ma

Mammals (boundary with Jurassic)

Question 11

Jurassic

Answer 11

201Ma

Dinosaurs (lower Jurassic/Triassic boundary)
Birds (middle of Period)

Question 12

Cretaceous

Answer 12

145Ma

Question 13

Paleogene

Answer 13

66Ma

Question 14

Neogene

Answer 14

23Ma

Primates (Miocene)

Question 15

Quaternary

Answer 15

2.58Ma

Question 16

Paleocene

Answer 16

66Ma

Question 17

Eocene

Answer 17

58Ma

Question 18

Miocene

Answer 18

23Ma

Priamates

Question 19

Pliocene

Answer 19

5.8

Question 20

Pleistocene

Answer 20

2.58Ma

Question 21

Holocene or recent

Answer 21

0.0018Ma

Question 22

How many moons and planets are there?

Answer 22

160 moons and 8 planets.

Question 23

What is the Nebular Theory

Answer 23

The Nebular Theory states that the bodies of our solar system evolved from an enormous rotating cloud called, Solar Nebula.

Question 24

How old is Earth?

Answer 24

About 4.56Ga

Question 25

How old is New Zealand?

Answer 25

About 0.5Ga

Question 26

How old is the oldest Crystal and what is it?

Answer 26

Zircon and 4.3Ga

Question 27

What do Ga and Ma stand for?

Answer 27

Giga annual and Mega annual

Question 28

In order, what is the evolution of Earth? Hint: 13 steps

Answer 28

1. The Big Bang (13.7/14 Ga) - the origin of the universe. 2. Early Inflation (helium and hydrogen atoms created). 3. Our galaxy forms 10Ga. 4. Heavy elements synthesized by supernova explosions (gravity causes Clumping). 5. Solar nebula begins to contract 4.7Ga. 6. as material collects to form protosun rotation flattens nebula. 7. Acceleration of planetesimals to form Earth and other planets. 8. Continual bombardment and the decay of radioactive elements. 9. produces magma ocean. Gravity causes clumping. 10. Mars-sized object impacts young earth 4.6Ga. 11. Debris orbits the Earth and accelerates. 12. Formation of Earth-moon system 4.5Ga. 13. Outgassing produces Earth's primitive atmosphere

Question 29

Explain the Nebula Hint: Started - elements

Answer 29

The Nebula started to gravitationally collapse and contracted into a rotating disc that was heated by the conversion of gravitational energy to thermal energy. The cooling caused rocky and metallic material to condense (outer portion, covered in a thick layer of ice: CO2, H2O, methane and ammonia.

Question 30

What did the cooling of the Nebula do? Hint: Cooling of rocky and metallic material

Answer 30

The cooling caused rocky and metallic material to condense (outer portion, covered in a thick layer of ice: CO2, H2O, methane and ammonia.

Question 31

What and when did the first elements form?

Answer 31

About 13.7 billion years ago, the universe began to expand and cool, causing the first elements, hydrogen and helium to form to then condense into stars and galaxies.

Question 32

What would the temperature be if Earth didn't have an atmosphere?

Answer 32

Earth would be 60oF colder.

Question 33

What is Earth's atmosphere made up of?

Answer 33

78% Nitrogen 21% Oxygen 1% Argon

Question 34

What happened to hydrogen and helium present in Earth's atmosphere?

Answer 34

Although hydrogen and helium were present during the formation of Earth, they escaped into space as Earth's gravity was too weak to hold them. In saying that, they are still the most abundant elements in the universe.

Question 35

How were the oceans formed and what was the result? Hint: weather and life.

Answer 35

As Earth cooled, water vapour condensed formation clouds, and torrential rains began to fill low-lying areas (oceans). Here PHOTOSYNTHESIS BACTERIA began to release O2 in the water. It accumulated on the seafloor (Precambrian 3.5-2 billion years ago), called branded ion formations.

Question 36

O2 levels in the past

Answer 36

2. 2 billion years ago, there were significant levels of O2 in the atmosphere. 1. 5billiob years ago there were stable levels of O2 in the atmosphere.

Question 37

Protozoic

Answer 37

2.5Ga Early multicellular life

Question 38

What is the new geological Epoch which reflects change? | not official yet

Answer 38

Anthropocene - Approximately starts in the 1950s - Widespread nuclear testing and radioactive - It is also known as the Great Acceleration (economy speed up). - For the first time humans have made a lasting imprint.