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Cardiovascular system SA > Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism – presentation, investigation & therapy > Flashcards

Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism – presentation, investigation & therapy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition f a thromboembolism

A

Movement of clot along a vessel

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2
Q

What are the three factors in virchows triad that result in thrombosis

A

Stasis - static blood flow
hyper-coagulability - abnormality of blood coagulation

Vessel damage

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3
Q

What are examples of things resettling in stasis

A

bed rest

traveling

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4
Q

What are examples of things causing hyper-coagulability

A

Pregnancy

Trauma

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5
Q

What is the main cause for vessel damage

A

atherosclerosis

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6
Q

What is the main cause of venous thrombus from virtuous triad

A

Principally due to stasis and hypercoagulability

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7
Q

What is red thrombus composed of

A

fibrin and red blood cells

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8
Q

What does venous thrombosis result in

A

back pressure

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9
Q

what is is white clot composed of

A

Platelets and fibrin

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10
Q

What does arterial thrombus result in

A

Ischaemia

Infarction

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11
Q

What is the main cause of arterial thrombus from virtues triad

A

Vessel damage - atherosclerosis

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12
Q

Is red thrombus venous or arterial

A

Red thrombus = venous

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13
Q

What are examples of venous thromboembolism

A

Limb deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Pulmonary embolism

visceral venous thrombosis (nerves)

intracranial venous thrombosis (skull)

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14
Q

What is the signs and symptoms of DVT

A

Unilateral limb swelling

Persisting discomfort

Calf tenderness

Warmth

Redness- erythema

May be clinically silent - asymptomatic

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15
Q

What is the long term consequences of DVT if not treated

A

Swelling

Discomfort

Pigmentation

Ulceration in severe form

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16
Q

What is the signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolism

A

Pleuritic chest pain

Breathlessness- dyspnoea

Blood in sputum- haemoptysis

Rapid heart rate- tachycardia

Pleural rub on auscultation

17
Q

What is the signs of a massive pulmonary embolism

A

Severe dyspnoea of sudden onset
collapse

Blue lips and tongue- cyanosis

Tachycardia
Low blood pressure

Raised jugular venous
pressure

18
Q

What is the potential result of a massive pulmonary embolism

A

Sudden death

19
Q

How do you diagnose for a DVT

A

Use Wells score in clinical assessment for pre test probability

Blood test: D dimer

Imaging

20
Q

What blood test in performed for DVT and pulmonary embolism

When would a blood test be performed

A

D - dimer

Performed if low test probability score

21
Q

What imaging technique is performed and when would it be performed in diagnosing DVT

A

Compression ultrasound if positive D-dimer or high pre-test probability score

22
Q

How do you diagnose for a pulmonary embolism

A

Clinical assessment using Wells or Geneva score

Blood test

Imaging

23
Q

What imaging technique is used for diagnosing a pulmonary embolism

when would imaging be used in diagnosis

A

Isotope ventilation/perfusion scan
CT pulmonary angiogram

Used if D-dimer positive or high pre test probability score

24
Q

What is the long term consequences of pulmonary embolism

A

Pulmonary hypertension

25
Q

What is the aims in the treatment of Venous thromboembolism

A

Prevent clot extension
Prevent clot embolisation
Prevent recurrent clot

26
Q

What is the main treatment option in Venous thromboembolism

A

anticoagulation

27
Q

What is examples of anticoagulation medication in Venous thromboembolism treatment

A

unfractionated heparin
low molecular weight heparin

Warfarin
Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs)

28
Q

What is the best treatment for a massive PE

A

Thrombolysis

29
Q

What is methods to prevent Venous thromboembolism occurring hospitals

A

Early mobilisation

‘Anti-embolism stockings’

Other mechanical methods of thromboprophylaxis

Pharmacological thromboprophylaxis

Cardiovascular system SA (43 decks)

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