The anatomy of the cardiovascular system 1

Question 1

Where is the heart located

Answer 1

The middle mediastinum

Question 2

where would you not find BV and Lymphatics

Answer 2

BV - cartilage

Lymphatics - brain, eye

Question 3

What is the two main circulations of the CVS

Answer 3

Pulmonary - Heart-lungs-heart

Systemic - Heart-body-heart

Question 4

What is the Lymphatic system ciculation

Answer 4

Hepatic portal circulation

Question 5

Where is the apex of the heart located

Answer 5

5th left intercostal space in the midclavicular line

Question 6

What chamber lies at the base of the heart

Answer 6

Left atrium

Question 7

What blood vessels can be seen from the anterior view of the heart L>R

Answer 7

superior vena cava - aortic arch - pulmonary trunk

Question 8

What is embedded in the fat of the heart

Answer 8

Coronary arteries (forms a crown)

Question 9

What blood vessels can be seen from the posteriori view of the heart

Answer 9

the superior and inferior pulmonary arteries
superiors and inferior pulmonary viens
Inferior vena cava

Question 10

What happens to the position of the heart if you stand up, why is this?

Answer 10

Moves more anterior and inferior,

gravity

Question 11

What lies anterior to the heart

Answer 11

sternum
costal cartilages 4-7
thymus remnants

Question 12

Define situs inversus

Answer 12

an uncommon condition in which the heart and other organs of the body are transposed through the sagittal plane to lie on the opposite (left or right) side from the usual

Question 13

What lies inferior to the heart

Answer 13

central tendon of the diaphragm

Question 14

What lies lateral to the heart

Answer 14

Lungs

Phrenic nerve

Question 15

What lies Posterior to the heart

Answer 15

oesophagus
descending aorta
thoracic vertebra 5-8

Question 16

In the anterior view of the heart what chambers lie in the left, right and sternum border

Answer 16

Left - Left atrium
Right - right atrium
Sternum - right ventricle

Question 17

what is the 3 layers of the heart

Answer 17

endocardium (innermost)
myocardium (middle)
epicardium (outermost)

Question 18

What is the endocardium

Answer 18

The inner most layer

simple squamous epithelium that sits on the basement membrane + connective tissue lining the heart chamber

Question 19

Where does cups (valves) derive from

Answer 19

endocardium

Question 20

What is the myocardium

Answer 20

Thick middle layer of Cardiac muscle (Myocytes)

Question 21

What is some of the characteristic of the myocardium

Answer 21

Striated

Lots of mitochondria

Question 22

How are the myocytes connected

Answer 22

Intercalated discs

Question 23

What is the interlaced discs compose of and what is there functions

Answer 23

desmosomes - bind myocytes together

gap junctions - allow electrical communication

Question 24

What is the epicardial

Answer 24

outer most layer of simple squamous epithelium sitting on connective tissue and basement membrane

Question 25

What BV does the epicardial contain

Answer 25

main branches of coronary arteries

Question 26

What is a possible feature of the the epicardial

Answer 26

May be fatty

Question 27

What is the same layer of the epithelium of the epicardial

Answer 27

visceral pericardium

Question 28

What lies between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium

Answer 28

pericardial cavity

Question 29

What is the layering of the heart in oder outside to inside

Answer 29

``` Fibrous layer parterial pericardium (pericardial cavity) Visceral pericardium/ epicardial myocardium endocardium ```

Question 30

What is the direction of blood flow through the blood vessels and chambers of the heart

Answer 30

``` Superior/inferior vena cava Right atrium (mitral valve) Left ventricle (semilunar valve) Pulmonary artery THE LUNGS Pulmonary vien Left atrium (tricuspid valve) Left ventricle (semilunar valve) Aorta ```

Question 31

What controls blood flow

Answer 31

Valves

Question 32

What lies on the right border on the heart

Answer 32

the right atrium

Question 33

What lies on the left border on the heart

Answer 33

left ventricle and left atrium

Question 34

What lies on the inferior border of the heart

Answer 34

The right ventricle (little bit of left ventricle)

Question 35

What lies on the superiors border of the heart

Answer 35

The left atrium and right atrium

Question 36

How do valves work

Answer 36

passively

Question 37

What prevents valve failure

Answer 37

Chordae tendineae and papillary muscles

Question 38

What is the type of abnormalities that can happen to heart valves

Answer 38

``` incompetence = widening; stenosis = narrowing ```

Question 39

What else can cause failure of valves

Answer 39

infection eg bacterial endocarditis

Question 40

What is another name for the pulmonary and aortic valve

Answer 40

semi lunar valve

Question 41

What is the names of the two trio-ventricular valves

Answer 41

Mitral/bicuspid | Tricuspid

Question 42

what is the problems of aortic stenosis

Answer 42

Narrowing means valve doesn't properly open or close

Question 43

What is the problem with aortic incompetence

Answer 43

Failure of aortic valve to close tightly causing back flow of the blood into the ventricle

Question 44

What gives structural support to the cardiac skeleton

Answer 44

Atrioventricular septum Roots of great vessels Anchorage for valves Myocytes/capillary network

Question 45

What is the cardiac skeleton of the heart

Answer 45

single structure of connective tissue (collagen)

Question 46

where does the coronary artery originate from

Answer 46

cusp of the aortic valve - epicardium

Question 47

At diastole where does the blood enter in the aortic arch

Answer 47

myocardium relaxes and elastic recoil of aorta closes aortic valve therefore blood enters aortic sinuses which lead on to coronary artery

Question 48

What holds the heart in its place

Answer 48

“Hangs” by great vessels within fibrous pericardium Dense connective tissue bag its Attachments Over all - Heart free to move

Question 49

what is the attachments of the heart

Answer 49

Central tendon of diaphragm Sternum Roots of great vessels

Question 50

What is the heart lined by

Answer 50

serous pericardium

Question 51

What does the serous pericardium secrete

Answer 51

pericardial fluid – lubricant

Question 52

What is the visceral and parietal layer of the heart bound to

Answer 52

Visceral layer- Bound to heart (=epicardium) | Parietal layer - Bound to fibrous pericardium

Question 53

What allows the free movement of the heart in the cardiac cycle

Answer 53

Visceral and parietal layers continuous giving a closed bag effect