The anatomy of the cardiovascular system 2

Question 1

what is the three layers of the blood vessels

Answer 1

Tunica initma
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

Question 2

What is the structure of the tunica initma

Answer 2

Inner most layer
Simple squamous epithelium
lying on connective tissue and basement membrane

Question 3

What is structure of the tunic media

Answer 3

Middle layer
Smooth muscle tissue
Elastic tissue

Question 4

What is the structure of the tunica adventitia

Answer 4

Outer most layer
Fibrous connective tissue - collagen
elastic fibres present

Question 5

What is the differences between veins and arteries

Answer 5

Arteries smaller diameter than accompanying vein
Arteries thicker wall than accompanying vein

Arteries thick media thin adventitia
Veins thin media thick adventitia

Question 6

What is the difference between arteries and arterioles

Answer 6

arteries have greater diameter but smaller total cross section area compared to arterioles

Question 7

What is the different types of arteries

Answer 7

elastic
Muscular
arterioles

Question 8

What is the function of the elastic arteries and an example of one

Answer 8

large conducting

– eg: aorta, common carotid, pulmonary

Question 9

What is present in the structure of elastic arteries, and what property does this allow

Answer 9

Layers of elastic fibres allows it to be stretched under pressure - and maintain pressure

Question 10

Where is the elastic fibres present in the elastic arteries and what si the name of the arrangement

Answer 10

elastic fibres in T. Media in the form of layers = laminae

Question 11

Where are the fibres in elastic arteries secreted from

Answer 11

smooth muscle

Question 12

What is the function of the muscular arteries

Answer 12

Controls distribution of blood to regions

Question 13

What is present in the structure of the muscular arteries which allows it to fulfil its functions

Answer 13

Thick T media has smooth muscle cells

Question 14

Where can the elastic fibres be found in muscular arteires

Answer 14

No elastic lamina between muscle cells in T. media
Elastic fibres are found under epithelium (internal elastic laminae) and between T.media and T. adventitia (external elastic laminae)

Question 15

What is the structure of the arterioles

Answer 15

T. Intima - endothelium + BM
T. media - 1- 2 layers of smooth muscle
T. adventia - not present

Question 16

What kind of nerve intervention supplies the arterioles

Answer 16

Rich sympathetic nerve innervation

Question 17

What is the systolic and local function of the arterioles

Answer 17

Control blood flow to capillary beds (local)

Control blood pressure (systemic)

Question 18

What is the function of the capillaries

Answer 18

main exchange for nutrients and gasses

Question 19

What is the structure of the capillaries to suit its function

Answer 19

Therefore very thin walled
T. intima only – endothelium on BM
No T. media
No T. adventitia

Question 20

What is present in capillaries which helps control blood flow and what is this

Answer 20

Pericytes - contractile cells

incomplete layer of cells surrounding basement membrane

Question 21

If the Sum of diameters of all capillaries in body > diameter of aorta what does this mean about the blood pressure

Answer 21

blood pressure is low

Question 22

what is the average diameter of the capillaries

Answer 22

4-15µ

Question 23

What is the three types of capillaries

Answer 23

Continuous
Fenestrated
Discontinuous

Question 24

What is the structure of the continue capillaries and its function and where would you find them

Answer 24

continuous epithelium linning
controls what is exchanged through selective transport

muscle

Question 25

What is the structure of fenestrated capillaries and where would you find them

Answer 25

Gaps/pores present of open protein membrane | endocrine glands, kidney renal corpuscle

Question 26

What is the structure of discontinuous capillaries and what function does this allow

Answer 26

Gaps between endothelial cells (and basement membrane) | Allow free passage of fluid and cells

Question 27

Where is discontinuous capillaries found

Answer 27

Liver, spleen, bone marrow

Question 28

what is a Sinusoids

Answer 28

Large diameter discontinuous capillaries

Question 29

Where would sinusoids be typically found and examples

Answer 29

Places where a large amount of exchange take place Liver endocrine glands

Question 30

What does the t. intimate contain is sinusoids

Answer 30

Phagocytes

Question 31

what is precapillary sphincter

Answer 31

band of smooth muscle that adjusts blood flow into capillaries

Question 32

What does function of the AV shunts by the precapillary spinchter allow

Answer 32

Bypass the capillaries to allow thermo regulation

Question 33

What is the structure of viens

Answer 33

T.intima is thin thin or absent laminae- not alot of elastic fibres T.media v thin or absent T adventitia - collagenous tissue

Question 34

What are the valves structure in the viens

Answer 34

endothelial projection into lumen

Question 35

What is the differences with superficial vs deep veins

Answer 35

``` Superficial - Thick walled - No surrounding support Deep - Thin walled - Surrounding support from deep fascia and muscles ```

Question 36

What does the superficial ultimately drain into

Answer 36

deep veins

Question 37

What is function of the lymphatic system

Answer 37

Drains tissue fluid lost from blood capillaries

Question 38

where does the lymphatic system drain into

Answer 38

systemic venous system

Question 39

Where is nodes most commonly found

Answer 39

alongside major veins and origins of major arteries

Question 40

What directs the flow in Lymphatic system

Answer 40

Valves

Question 41

What is the structure of lymph capillaries

Answer 41

Blind ended capillaries Lined by very thin endothelium - simple squamous No fenestrations Absent / rudimentary basal lamina

Question 42

What is the lumen maintained at in lymph capillaries

Answer 42

-ve Hydrostatic pressure

Question 43

what keeps the lumen open

Answer 43

Anchoring filaments – fine collagenous filaments link endothelial cell to surrounding tissue keeping lumen open

Question 44

what isn't present in the lumen

Answer 44

RBC

Question 45

What is the nerve supply to BV as organs

Answer 45

Sympathetic eg. skin | Sympathetic + parasympathetic eg. heart

Question 46

when blood vessels are so big they need their own nutrients what are the vessels suppling it called

Answer 46

Vasa vasorum

Question 47

Where does the lymphatic lie in blood vessel organs

Answer 47

T. adventitia