Default Flashcards

Question

Kinship care reimbursment in North Carolina?

Answer 1

Just announced. It will provide payment to realtives and family members who step in to care for children in need.

Answer 2

According to the director of human and social services for Roanoke City, children who go into kinship care placements tend to fare better and have fewer placement disruptions than kids who are placed in a stranger's foster home. Kinship, in North Carolina, can be anyone from a relative to a teacher, to a coach or a church member. What they are looking for is a previous relationship with the child/family.

Answer 3

The class action lawsuit, filed in 2019 in the US District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia, alleges foster children in the state are often housed either in hotels, shelters, institutions or out of state and are subject to abuse and neglect.

Answer 4

Trying to find a kid can be an uphill battle. The law does not allow CYFD employees or foster parents to physically stop a child from running away. Law enforcement is required to enter missing children into the NCIC (National Crime Information Center) database, but officers don't usually proactively look for missing teens unless they believe them to be in imminent danger.

Answer 5

The streets, needless to stay, can be a dangerous place for kids, who can be hurt, trafficked, or arrested, among other perils. The problem is devastating nationwide: As many as half of foster kids in America run away at least once and an estimated 40% go missing multiple times. The vast majority of those who run have mental health diagnosis, alcohol or drug use, or other factors that make them especially vulnerable.

Answer 6

It terrified me [a judge who led the charge for community volunteer advocactes] to make decisions about kids when I didn't have anybody there who was only advocating for the child--not as an attorney, but as a party to the case (late 1970s).

Answer 7

A study published in 2019 in a prominent child welfare journal found that NYC children whose parents were represented by interdisciplinary law offices that included lawyers, social workers and advocates spent roughly four fewer months in foster care than children whose parents were represented by a single attorney.

Answer 8

Last year there were about 7,000 reports of child maltreatment in Monroe County. About 20% were deemed credible.

Answer 9

It injects lawyers into cases of abuse and neglect much earlier, potentially intimidating child victims and limiting access by CPS workers who would otherwise assess and monitor the child's safety.

Answer 10

The lawyers and social workers can help families solve whatever has led to neglect before the case winds up in court. For example, they can help them make repairs to an unsuitable house or get treatment for mental health issues or dissabilities.

Answer 11

In less than .2% of child welfare investigations.

Answer 12

Because they are scared and don't know that they don't have to.

Answer 13

Yes. In an attempt to narrow the number of families entagled in unwarranted calls, the nation's most sizable states, California and Texas, have passed laws requiring hotline callers to provide their names to CPS screeners. [how effective has this been]

Answer 14

It has gone from a child welfare agency to a child and family well-being system. It is considered a national model.

Answer 15

The vast majority of children in state custody are there because of allegations of neglect. A lot of neglect cases are mental health or substance abuse, but they're mainly driven by poverty. Providing services for poverty and mental health can be an effective way to stop child neglect and save the state money because it's much cheaper than taking kids into foster care.

Answer 16

The program provides free childcare for infants and toddlers from low-income families. It allows parents, who can't afford to have someone watch their kid, to be able to work, go to school, etc.

Answer 17

Head Start provides crucial services, like meals and early learning.

Answer 18

Kids qualify for head start if they're in foster care, lack housing, or their families meet federal poverty thresholds.

Answer 19

$39,000 which is about half.

Answer 20

The federal government. Some states supplement it.

Answer 21

Front-line case workers are increasingly stretched thin and overworked because of severe staffing shortages and high turnover.

Answer 22

They told lawmakers about safety concerns of responding alone to calls involving suspected domestic violence and drug use, and about being threatened by angry parents. They talked about being assaulted, kicked and spit on by children with significant behavior issues stemming from suspected abuse. And they talked about being stalked by family members after removing children from a home.

Answer 23

Caseworkers play mayn roles, including being crisis workers, residential staff, childcare worker, parent, support worker, transporter, and visit supervisor.

Answer 24

Staffing vacancies and personnel turnover are increasing workloads and burnout among the workers who remain. There's also a lack of training and support.

Answer 25

It can take months to get a court hearing to resolve a case. That adds to her workload because state law requires her to keep working to reunify a family until the judge rules on the case, even if the parents are clearly not engaging with them.

Answer 26

she simply couldn't keep responding to emergencies and after-hour demands to watch other people's children in hospitals and hotel rooms while her kids needed to be picked up from school and cared for.
"That happened so many times I felt like I was kind of neglecting my own children and I didn't have a choice in the matter. I was struggling trying to maintain my family life."

Answer 27

the State Office of Children and Family Services has in recent months testified to state lawmakers about shifting away from employing the child welfare system and family separation in cases of alleged child neglect that could stem from underlying problems like poverty or mental health troubles.

Answer 28

If a child feels like no one cares about them while moving from one placement to another, their craving for attention and stability can be dangerous. They can easily find themselves seduced by traffickers who pretend to care for the child, only to later exploit the child for financial gain.

Answer 29

39%. Up more than 20% from 2000.

Answer 30

No. Marijuana alone is increasingly not grounds to deem a child unfit (ex. Texas, NY, NM, MN). Many states are treating it in the same way they treat alcohol.

Answer 31

roughly 3.5 million

Answer 32

74 million in 2021 (22% of population)

Answer 33

A quarter of respondents described being placed in a juvenile detention facility withou having committed a crime. Some foster youth have been kept in juvenile jails simply because a foster placement couldn't be found, like in Sacremento County, California earleir this year, where youth facing no criminal allegations whatsoever were housed in a former detention facility -- and forced to sleep in cells - because local officials failed to find them placements.

Answer 34

More than half of the respondents had been removed from their biological family with law enforcement present. More than a quarter had been moved between foster placements with law enforcement, and nearly a third said a caregiver had called law enforcement on them.

Answer 35

Nearly 70% reported experiencing an arrest at some point.

Answer 36

Our efforts at prevention seem to be focused on preventing kids from entering systems designed to protect kids, rather than on preventing child abuse and neglect.

Answer 37

Marginal cases are 14% more likely to wind up in juvenile facility then foster care. I don’t think this says anything about the quality of foster care vs being raised by parents. Which one is better is also going to depend on the specific scenario in question. What it does tell us, is that between 1990 and 2000 caseworkers in Illinois were sending kids into foster care slightly more often than they should have been. If the caseworkers, focusing solely on the impact on the child, were operating perfectly, the marginal case would have the exact same outcome regardless of whether or not they were removed. Because the results for the marginal case is worse in foster care than if they remained in placement, the department was removing to many kids.

Moreover, all of this is without considering any rights of the parents. What those rights are in terms of harm to the children, I’m not sure. But they do exist. So in a perfect system, you would except the marginal case to do slightly worse with the parents then in foster care. This negative would be cancelled out by the positive of parents getting to keep their children more often.

Answer 38

This is evident from the changing emphasis on child protection and family preservation over recent decades, as foster care populations grew from 100,000 to 600,000 in the 1960s, dropped to 200,000 by the end of the 1970s, and rose to over 500,000 by the end of the 1980s.

Answer 39

- In particular, case managers are thought to rely more heavily on “practical wisdom” than admisnistrative rules when making placement referrals.

Answer 40

- Investigators can affect foster care placement in at least three ways. First, the investigator may decide that the case is unsubstantiated, in which case the investigation is unlikely to proceed any further. Second, in emergency situations, the investigator may arrange to have a child removed from home immediately. Third, most foster care placements follow a court hearing by a child-protection judge. The investigator presents evidence of the abuse or neglect to this judge. The investigator can affect the outcome of this hearing by the quality of the investigation conducted and the persuasiveness of the recommendation.

Answer 41

- Child protection agencies trade off two competing goods: family preservation and child protection. Although an abusive family environment is undoubtedly harmful to child development, removing a child from home may be traumatic as well. [but false dichotomy to say it’s always a choice between the two]

Answer 42

Have found that adults living in poverty have seen benefits ranging from improving their health to furtehring their education. But a report this year from Magnolia Mother's Trust also shows far-reaching effects on children whose families receive the payements.
Nearly three-fourths of the mothers felt more confident about parenting afterwards, nearly 60% of children reported "more joyful" family relationships, and a third of the children had better educational opportunities such as switching to better schools.

Answer 43

They're under less stress, they can spend more time with their children, and plenty of research shows what that means for children--better outcomes when it comes to mental health, and quality of life generally. These are things families who don't live in poverty take for granted.

Answer 44

Coleman was able to stop borrowing money to cover bills during the year she was enrolled, as well as pay off some debts. Free of the constant stress borrowing had created, she was able to turn her attention to meetin one of her then 7-year-old daughter's dreams, to see the ocean. My daughter had never been to the beach. I'd always been working all the time.

Answer 45

more brainwave activity associated with learning and cognitive development than babies in a control group whose households only received $20 a month.

Answer 46

Case workers are to be limited to a total of 14 cases. But turnover and other factors could mean caseloads reching 17, or in some instances even higher.
17 is the national average, but the state is currently under the requirement as part of a lawsuit to keep the limit to 14.

Answer 47

First year case workers start out making about $38,000. By earning a master's in social work, that person could make upwards of $50,000. That is a livable wage, and also something that allows them to do the work without taking on other jobs to pay their bills.

Answer 48

These kids are in oour care because they were abused or severly neglected. If we have to send new counselors out, they can't form a relationship.

Answer 49

20% (down from 35% 3 years ago)

Answer 50

It means things falling through the cracks. Casworker turnover increases. Families cycle through workers. Kids shuffle between foster homes. Birth parents' chances of reuniting with their children worses.

Answer 51

Getting housing is hard. Half of people that age out of foster care will be unemployed, leading to half being homeless within four years.

Answer 52

While foster chidlren are waiting to be assigned to a home, they may find themselves house in South Caroliana Department of Social Services' office spaces.
Someone in cubicle had been up all night because law enforcement was involved and she just fell asleep in her managers cubicle.
Now, they can carry on their conversations outside the space but still have eyes and ears on the child and that reduces the trauma the child experiences of hearing a phone call they didn't get that placement or hearing their story retold again.
Lily Pad now has 16 rooms across the state, they hope to continue to be a soft landing for kids in foster care.

Answer 53

When a child has been in foster care for 15 of 22 consecutive months, child welfare agencies are required to pursue a termination of parental rights. Termination of parental rights means legal ties are severed for life.

Answer 54

disrupt that continuity.

Answer 55

22%. Seven times higher than a white South Dakota child's risk of entering the system.

Answer 56

75% vs 11%

Answer 57

live in a home similar to their upbringing (meant to avoid shock and trauma) and can often mean they're shipped hundreds of miles away from their hometowns to a non-Native community.

Answer 58

Youth clearly indicate that knowing their lawyer is not enough, and emphasized that attorneys should intentionally prioritize freqent and quality client engagement, take time to learn and understand the client's needs, explain the legal framework, and routinely facilitate client particpation during court hearings.

Answer 59

children lack majurity and cognitive ability to make decision.
Greater obligation to protect children from their own bad judgment (even if no worse than adults).
Children under presssure to misidentify and/or misarticulate their own interests (ex. pressure from families).

Answer 60

Juge makes best interest decision based on adversarial process, child has right to have their position zealously argued.
Empowers children disempowered by circumstances.
Children are better judges of best interst than we think.
Child, as subject of decision, should be able to prevent decisions they oppose.
Lawyers lack expertise and training necessary in making nonlegal best interest judgments.

Answer 61

- Few attorneys adopt an absolutist position under either model. For most attorneyts, the age of the child (and for some, the issue at stake) will affect which role is assumed. Those advocating the traditional attorney approach necessarily exclude children to young to speak, and most require that the children be old enough to engage in rational decision-making process about the particular issue in question. Those advocating the guardian ad litem role for most children, generally still concede that at some age—at least in the late teenage years—children should be able to direct their counsel on some, if not all, issues.

Many advocates draw the line at 7.

Answer 62

- To the extent the GAL role is interpreted to allow a wholesale abandonment of the lawyer’s professional role, there is no reason GALs should be lawyers at all. Social workers, psychologists, neighbors, and community leaders may all be better judges of a child’s best interests than lawyers, who have neither formal nor experiential training in what is best for children.

Answer 63

- changed clients: Her ultimate client louyalty is owed, not to the child “in the flesh,” but to the abstraction of the child’s best interests. The GAL owes her duty of loyalty not to the child’s view of his interests, but to her own.

Answer 64

- The GAL must inform the child that she may urge the court to take a position contrary to the child’s wishes, and is under no obligation to keep any information about the child or his family confidential.

Answer 65

- Unlike constituents in the classic entity relationship, however, children represented by GALs generally do not have the option of retaining separate counsel. This means that the only person in a position to warn the child about the limits of his protections in the legal system is the GAL herself.

Answer 66

- In Federal Year 2016, approximately 676,000 children in the US were confirmed victims of abuse and neglect by CPS (0.91%). A much greater number, approximately 3.5 million, were referred for potential maltreatment.

Answer 67

- American Indian/Alaskan native (1.42%) and African American (1.39%) children experience the highest rates of maltreatment.

Answer 68

- Nevertheless, underreporting of child maltreatment is widely recognized as a problem, and adult restrospective reports of child maltreatment are substantially higher.

Answer 69

- For the past several years, roughly 250,000 to 275,000 children are taken into foster care each year and a total of 400,000 to 500,000 children are in foster care at any time in the US.

- The majority of child victims who have maltreatment substantiated are maintained with their families and provided with access to services designed to prevent removal. These cases are often referred to as family services, “in home” services, family preservation, or similar terms.

Answer 70

- Neglect is by far the most prevalent type of maltreatment identified by CPS. Importantly though, co-occurrence of different types is the rule rather than the exception.

- In a recent study of more than 2,200 maltreated school-aged children and adolescents, a minority of children experienced only a signle type of maltreatment. Only 1% of sexually abused children, 4% of physical abused children, 10% emotionally maltreated children, and 25% of neglected children had no co-occurrence with one or more other types of maltreatment.

Answer 71

- Maltreatment is associated with compromises in development across virtually every domain (eg. Cognitive, language, socioemotional, and neurobiological development.)

- Mental health problems are among the most salient sequelae of child abuse and neglect.

- For example nearly half of children (2-14 years old) who had completed child welfare investigations had clinically signficaint emotional or behavoiral problems.

- A study of more than 1,000 children 5 to 9 years old who were recruited from pediatric practices determined that those children who had been maltreated were nearly three times more likely to be diagnosed with an internalizing or externalizing disorder.

Answer 72

Population estimates attribute that the proportion of childhood psychiatric disorders due to experiences of adversity, including abuse and neglect, is approximately 45%, suggesting that there may be no single greater environmental predictor of mental health difficulties than experiences of maltreatment.

- Although many children who have experienced severe neglect in early life develop a psychiatric disorder in childhood and adolescence, a greater proportion do not.

Answer 73

- CPS generally includes distinct divisions responsible for hotline receipt of allegations, investigations of alleged maltreatment, services to families who have a substantiated finding of maltreatment where children are not removed, children placed in foster care, and adopted children following termination of parental rights.

Answer 74

- Reunification hinges on demonstration of minimal safety and caregiving effectiveness, which typically falls far below the standard approach in clinical treatment. Often, continuing treatment after children are returned to parents is necessary to address a child’s symptoms and functional impairment and/or to assist with family stabilization.

Answer 75

- Overuse and misuse of psychotropic medication among foster children has become an incrasing concern.

- Care should be taken about multiple classes of psychotropic medication in foster children, given the lack of evidence supporting the safety and efficacy of combined pharmacotherapy, particularly for three or more medications.

Answer 76

- Neglect is the most common form of reported child maltreatment in the US with 75.3% of confirmed child maltreatment victims in 2015 neglected.

Answer 77

Neglect differs from other forms of maltreatment in that it is often concerned with acts of omission or failures to provide, whereas physical and sexual abuse are acts of commission against children

Answer 78

developmentally and psychologically than abused children. The long-term effects of severe neglect, as indicated by a signficant absence of caregiver interaction, include impacts on the developing brain that diminish a child's ability to focus attention, regulate emotions, and learn.

Answer 79

. State laws provided reasons for the variation in rates of emotional abuse while sociodemographic factors of the state did not. The study reported that states rated with the most inclusive child statute scores had a mean of 21.1 victims per 10,000 children, moderately inclusive had a mean of 13.6 victims, and states with the least inclusive statutes had a mean of 3.5 victims.

Answer 80

These legal definitions identify what the minimum standard of parenting care is for that state. [Garbarino, J., & Collins, C. C. (1999). Child neglect: The family with a hole in the middle.

Answer 81

State statutes that were established just after the passage of CAPTA in 1974 “solidified the idea that lack of adequate food, clothing, shelter, medical care, and abandonment, were the conernerstones of a definition of neglect.”

Answer 82

These discrepancies have potential implications at the practice, policy, and research levels. The variation of state definitions has been identified as presenting a new research opportunity due to the important role law holds for the child welfare field. Gupta-Kagan (2016) Posits that the variation in state laws may explain the differences observed in outcomes such as victimization rates (as identified in the Hamarman, Pope, and Czaja, 2002 study of emotional abuse). Indeed, a situation deemed to be neglectful in one state could possibly not meet the definition in another state, impacting the system response, which can lead to problems assession national incidence rates.

Answer 83

Issued in 2010. - ) attempts to tackle this problem by operationalizing child maltreatment with subcategoires of sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect, educational neglect, and other maltreatment for a total of 60 different subtypes.
The NIS-4 assumes official reports to child welfare agencies are underestimates, as just the “tip of the iceberg,” and thus gathers information from multiple sources beyond child welfare agencies to estimate the number of children who are maltreated.
As the primary source for child maltreatment estimates in the US, the National Incidence Survey is also a “prime driver of policy.”.

Answer 84

Medical care delay or failure, inadequate nutrition, inadequate supervision, abandonment/refusal of custody, inadequate shelter, inadequate clothing, illegal transfer of custody, other refusal of custody, inadequate personal hygiene.

Answer 85

Failure to register/enroll, permitted chronic truancy.

Answer 86

Exposure to maladaptive environments (porn, prostitution, drug use, criminal behavior), refusal to seek care for emotional problems, refusal to provide care for emotional problems, knowingly permitting substance abuse, domestic violece (spousal or other in child's presence), inadequate nurturance/affection, knowingly permitting maladapitve behavior (ex. severe assaultiveness, chronic delinquency), overprotectiveness, inadequate structure, inapporpriately advanced expectations.

Answer 87

Religious exceptions, involuntary neglect (no provided care or services due to physical or financial inability).

Answer 88

Threat of harm is enough, substance-exposed infant, exposure to drug activity (includes manufacture and sale).

Answer 89

- The aspects most frequently found in state definitions were those identified as cornerstones by Rose and Meezan (1993): medical care (47), food/nutrition (43), abandonment (36), shelter (35), and clothing (31). The element present in most of the state definitions that was not identified as a cornerstone is supervision (37).

- Beyond these foundational definitional elements, there is no consensus among states as a whole about what to include in defining neglect.

Answer 90

- If one subscribes to the NIS-4 definitions of neglect, then these findings support the argument that official maltreatment reports are an underestimate of the true maltreatment rate in the US>

- However, with the caveat that these definitions have different purposes, these results also raise the question of the validity for the NIS-4 estimates due to its inclusion of categories (and thus, cases) that are minimally proscribed by law, such as overprotectiveness and inadequate structure.

In other words, the NIS-4 may have included cases of neglect that the states do not recognize as below the minimal standards of parenting or are societal problems

Answer 91

- An important difference between the states and the NIS-4 is the treatment of infants exposed prenatally to substances, or substance-exposed infants. The NIS-4 specifically excludes these children from their estimates of maltreatment citing that these are events that occurred prior to birth.

- This is a stark contrast to the 12 states that specifically identify prenatal substance exposure as a form of neglect.

Answer 92

- It is critical to note that increased levels of discretion are also dependent on the level of training, education,a nd reasonability of practitioner caseloads. If well-trained child welfare professionals like judicial officers and caseworkers have managemeable caseloads, increased discretion makes sense as those practitioners can tailor system responses to the needs and circumstance of the families they encounter.

- However, if child welfare professionals are given discretion without reasonable caseloads and/or sufficient training, then they may not have the resources necessary to utilize that discretion well, potentially resulting in unnecessary removals of children or not engaging with families who need the state’s services.

Answer 93

- about abuse. They may delay disclosure or tell only part of the story.

Answer 94

- offender; children may want the abuse to stop, but they may not want the offender to be punished.

Answer 95

medical evidence that sexual abuse occurred. Moreover, it occurs in a private place with no witnesses to the event.

Answer 96

traumatize

Answer 97

1) identify suspicious injuries, 2) diagnose problems of abuse, 3) treat the child, 4) report to the appropriate authorities, 5) testify in subsequent legal proceedings.

Answer 98

All 50 states and DC have enacted legislation regarding immunity from civil or criminal liability for persons who, in good faith, make or participate in making a report of child abuse or neglect

Answer 99

- In most cases a medical assessment of the child needs to be performed as soon as possible. The primary purpose of the medical examination is to assess potential injury and identify the need for treatment.

Answer 100

- Whenver possible, all children suspected of having been abused should be given a medical examination, preferably by a medical professional experienced and trained in conducting forensic examinations.

Answer 101

- A 1993 study in Florida revealed that nearly one-third of domestic disturbance calls masked an incident of some form of child victimization. For this reason, officers should ask whether there are children living at the residence and, if so, where they are.

Answer 102

- that physical abuse has taken place.

Answer 103

- Officers who become involved in a child abuse case through social services should consider all information that has been provided to them. Based on this information, officers should ask a basic question: “If we leave and obtain a court order to remove this child, is the child likely to be injured before we return?” If the answer is yes, then the officer should remove the child.

- If a mistake is made, it is better to err in the attempt to safeguard the physical well-being of the child.

Answer 104

- Some officers attempt to rationalize with the parent their decision to remove a child. However, the best tactic is to remove the child and vacate the situation as quickly as possible, after ensuring that everyone’s rights are protected. The fact is that no amount of explaining will lessen the pain, fear, and anger (hostility) involved in having a child taken away. Officers should be aware that heightened emotions can lead to a dangerous escalation of the situation.

Answer 105

that the child is removed with as little trauma or danger to the child and the social worker as possible.

Answer 106

- Any necessary items, such as medication, should be brought with the child. The key point is that once the decision to remove a child has been made, the action should be carried out expeditiously.

Answer 107

traumatic for the child. Both the law enforcement officer and the social worker are relative strangers.

Answer 108

- raises the emotional level of the child. Such arguments may cause the child to become more nervous, upset, distraught, and emotionally unstable.

Answer 109

- In most situations, children are not going to leave their parents willingly, even though they have been physically or sexually abused. They may not understand what is best for them and may try to resist the law enforcement officer.

Answer 110

- Officers should not respond to a child’s outbursts with anger or displeasure. Instead, they should behave as positively—or at least neutrally—as possible. They should do everything they can to help the child adjust to a new and scary situation.

Answer 111

- Once the officer has removed the child from the residence and the child has had a chance to calm down, if the child is old enough to communicate, the officer should take the time to explain that the child has not done anything wrong and was removed for his or her own protection.

Answer 112

- “states with broader definitions and fewer exceptions give more discretion to cps service workers and other reporters. In 1997, a study determined that the number of reported child abuse cases in the US ranged from 8.43 to 78.05 of every 1000 children, depending on which state was analyzed.

Answer 113

This debate centers around two areas of disagreement: one, whether to use broad or narrow definitions, and two, whether the definition should focus on the parents’ behavior or on the actual harm suffered by the child.

Answer 114

- Those favoring a broad definition believe that chps will be able to identify abuse at its earliest stages and will be better at identification, intervention, and prevention.

Answer 115

- Advocates of a narrow definition cite the following reasons as their basis: recognition of diversity in lifestyle,s, inadequate knowledge of non-traditional child-rearing practices, and the fact that premature intervention may actually harm the child.

Answer 116

may intervene in the traditional zone of family privacy, investigate and monitor its internal workings, and mandate certain conduct for the future

Answer 117

- In Mexico D.F for instance, child abuse is defined as any harm cause dintentionally to the child.”

- Parents in the state of Sonora are permitted to exact injury on their children for corrective purposes, as long as the healing process does not extend beyond fifteen days.

Answer 118

The expected results of removal must be better than the expected results of not removing.

Answer 119

- practiced in a different culture and legal system such as that of the US.

Answer 120

include learning a new language; overcoming prejudice and discrimination; disruptions in family; puzzling interactions with new schools, churches, ourts, and hospitals; and “coping with the aftereffects of trauma for refugees.”

Answer 121

- Whether it is accepted culturally or regiliously should have no bearing on the tolerability of a parenting practice. The cultural aspect does not affecgt the result on a child, it does not ascertain whether something is harmful, and it should not be a factor. If it is harmful, physically or emotionally, to a child, the practice should automatically be forbidden [this is far to absolutist].

- On the other hand, if the practice does not cause physical or emotional detriment to a child, it should be condoned.

Despite the inflexibility of this standard, culgtural differences should still be taken into account on an educational level. States should develop educational programs “to work with immigrant parents who may be unaware that cultural practices acceptable in their homeland are not legal in the US.

Answer 122

With this in mind, the end of the law’s definition of child abuse should be to help determine when this is the case. My first instinct is to say that a broader definition of abuse, with a ton of exceptions, would be best because at the end of the day this question is going to be decided on a case-by-case basis. Studies on the impact of removal (adjusting for stuff like age, special needs of the child, availability of kinship care, odds of being adopted, odds of ultimately aging out, etc.) and the harm of different types of abuse, and the odds that a parent can change, are going to be helpful. But, while also utilizing the knowledge gained from these sources, the decision is ultimately made based on exactly who the child and parent in question are, exactly what has been done, exactly what has been attempted and accomplished or not accomplished to remedy the situation, and what is expected to happen in the future as a result of all of this.

The response to this, of course, is that 1) not all caseworkers are going to be superstars with widespread knowledge about the scientific data and sufficient time to learn about the specifics of the case and apply it, and if the caseworker is bad a stricter legal standard is going to be better because even though it decreases the ceiling in terms of results, it substantially increases the floor, and 2) more discretion provides more room for racism and other biases to impact the decisions made by caseworkers and judges.

Answer 123

no more than 12 to 15 kids

Answer 124

making is a departure from traditional child welfare practice. Instead of a single caseworker determining what to do in a crisis that requires consideration of out-of-home care because of child abuse or neglect, TDM brings together parents, family, community members and others to assess the situation and determine how best to keep the child safe.

Answer 125

Increased likelihood that a child who enters care will live with relatives or foster parents from the start, not in a developmentally inappropriate shelter or group setting.

- Increased likelihood that a child will reunify with a parent or family member within a year.

- Decreased chances that a child will experience repeat maltreatment.

Answer 126

, he is automatically entitled to custody unless the state proves him unfit. But in practice, lawyers say, once children have been taken from the mother, Family Court judges and caseworkers are reluctant to hand them to a father about whom little is known.

Answer 127

, Mr. C. said, he decided the only way to win was to do whatever the system demanded, including biweekly drug tests for six months.

Answer 128

moved to NY, lived on a friend’s couch in Queens for a year and scraped by as a street peddler. The low point, he said, was being arrested and fined for peddling without a license. The crowning glory was a 24-hour Greyhound bus ride: “Two kids, five bags, all of our belongings.”

Answer 129

Most obviously, if the policy of involving nonresidential fathers is implemented woodenly, by requiring that children be placed with fathers at the outset of the case when little is known about them, the children may be endangered.

- Less dramatically, efforts to work with fathers can result in children remaining in the system longer.

- And working with fathers can undermine, or even short-circuit, efforts to reunite children with the mothers from whom they were taken, raising problems of defining children’s best interests as well as fairness to both parents in what amounts to state-generated custody contests.

Answer 130

No, however often the fathers' identities and locations are known or can be determined soon after cases are filed.

Answer 131

rapid rise from 1950s to 2010. Slowly decreasing since early 2010s.

Answer 132

The proportion of children in the child welfare system who come from single-parent families is even higher than in the general population.

Answer 133

- Fathers who were identified early were much more likely to have contact with the agency than those identified later.

- 80% of the fathers whose identity and location were known at the outset of the case were contacted by the agency, but only 13% of the fathers identified after the child had been in foster care for more than thirty days were contacted.

Answer 134

). A newer study of almost 2,000 cases in four states found that 58% of fathers contacted by a child welfare agency were substance abusers, half were involved with the criminal justice system, 77% failed to comply with all of the offered services

Answer 135

included the risk of reintroducing an abuser into the home, increasing conflict between he parents, threats to female casewokers from fathers who have engaged in domestic violence, and the increased amount of time workers had to spend on cases if fathers were involved.

The administrators also expressed concern about increased costs of providing services and transportation and fathers creating “barriers to other permanency options.” In addition, caseworkers often perceived fathers as being uninterested in helping their children, an attitude that persists to this day.

- In focus groups funded by the Annie E. Casey Foundation, caseworkers admitted that it was easier to work with families made of single mothers and their children and that they were particularly unlikely to try to work with fathers when children with the same mother had different fathers.

Answer 136

- AFSA requires tha the child welfare agency file a termination of parental rights petition if a child has been in care for 15 of the the last 22 months unless an exception applies. If the agency waits to determine whether a child in foster care has a legal father, and, if so, the nature of his relationship to the child, it may be unable to meet this deadline. For this reason alone, early determination of the father’s legal status is important.

Answer 137

- Identifying a child’s legal father can also help implement kinship foster care (strongly encouraged by the 1996 fedreal welfare reform legislation). The statue requires states to “consider giving preference to an adult relative over a non-related caregiver when determining a placement for a child.”

- At least 48 states and DC hgive a placement preference to relatives.

Answer 138

- At least 48 states and DC hgive a placement preference to relatives.

- In addition to the federal mandate, kinship care has become more popular because the number of non-kin foster care homes is insufficient for the demand and because of judicial decisions recognizing the rights of relatives to be foster parents and to be paid the same as non-kin foster parents.

- In addition, kinship care appears to save states money; caseworkers supervise and monitor kinship foster families less than other foster parents, and kin foster families request and receive fewer services for themselves and for the children who live with them.

- The practice is also supported by assumptions that foster care placements with relatives will be less traumatic and disruptive for children, that children will be moved among kinship foster placements fewere times, and that placements with relatives will help children maintain contact with their birth families and their communities.

Answer 139

- Even if a child is not placed with a relative, child welfare practice in many states seeks family member involvement in decision-making about the child’s placement and treatment plans. Family group conferencing or family meetings, a practice first developed in New Zealand, “recognizes that families have the most information about themselves and have the ability to make well-informed decisions.”

Answer 140

the same parental rights as mothers. Children cannot be adopted if these fathers’ custodial rights have not been terminated, and, as a matter of sound policy, the child’s paternal relatives should be, and, depending on the state, may have rights to be considered as possible custodians if the child is removed from the parents.

- However, a state may constitutionally give an unmarried father who has not seized the opportunity to assume parental responsibility less protection than mothers and married fathers receive, provided that state law gives him adequate opportunity to form such a relationship.

Answer 141

- Putative father registries purport to give men the opportunity to take on parental responsibilities by allowing them to file their claim of paternity with the state. Men while file are entitled to receive notice of an adoption or parental rights proceeding involving the child.

Answer 142

The groundbreaking 1998 study on Adverse Childhood Experiences and the replicated studies which followed have demonstrated that childhood stress is linked to poor health outcomes, including obesity, diabetes, depression, heart disease, cancer, and stroke as well as alcohol and drug abuse, lowe graudation rates, and poor employment outcomes.
The presence of ACEs does not mean that a child is guaranteed to experience ppor life outcomes. Positive experiences and protective factors can prevent children from experiencing adversity and protect against many negative health and life outcomes.

Answer 143

develop ways of coping that allow them to survive and function day-to-day. These learned adaptations make sense when a physical and/or emotional threat is pervasive but are not helpful once a person is no longer under such threats.

Answer 144

difficulties with emotional regulation, focus, and self-control (when in fight or flight mode, the brain loses executive functions that do not serve fight or flight, such as higher learning and problem-solving which contribute substantially to school success);
Anxious and avoidant behaviors;
Difficulty developing strong, healthy attachment to caregivers and others;
Distrust of people in authority, who are seen as threats;
Over-responding or under-responding to sensory stimuli;
Misinterpreting motives, facial expressions, body language in others;
Difficulties belonging and playing well with others;
Difficulty with problem solving and decision-making;
Chronic or recurrent physical complaints;
Potential impacts to self-efficacy; and/or
More likely to engage in high-risk behaviors.

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