Dement and Klietman ( Issues and debates)

Question 1

Nature definition

Answer 1

the characteristics we are born with or develop out of the natural maturation process.

Question 2

Nature explanation

Answer 2

• The research established during REM the eyes move rapidly and REM sleep is associated with vivid dreaming.
• This means there are certain physiological processes such as REM sleep that are necessary for dreams to occur suggesting their is a biological basis for dreaming.

Question 3

Nurture definition

Answer 3

the characteristics we develop as a result of learning.

Question 4

Nurture explanation

Answer 4

• the physiological markers of REM sleep on the EEG data were consistent, but the content of dreams varied widely.
• This suggests that individual experiences and environmental factors play a significant role in shaping dreams.

Question 5

Situational definition

Answer 5

• behaviours that are influenced by factors in the external environment (social)

Question 6

Situational explanations

Answer 6

• Whether participants were woken from REM or from nREM sleep determined their ability to recall dreams.
• So there are certain situational factors that affect dream recall

Question 7

Individual definition

Answer 7

behaviours that are influenced by factors within the person (dispositional)

Question 8

Individual definitions

Answer 8

*Some participants reported no dreams despite exhibiting rapid eye movements.
* These individual differences suggest that personal factors, such as cognitive processes can influence the relationship between physiological behaviours like eye movements and subjective dream experience.

Question 9

Evaluate the ethics of the study

Answer 9

• Participant WD was deceived about the sleep stage he was awoken in which perhaps could have caused distress.
• The disruption of natural sleep patterns raises concerns about the well-being and informed consent of the participants, as sleep is vital for health and cognitive function, and participants might not have been fully aware of the potential consequences of sleep interruption.

Question 10

How can the results of the study be applied to the real world?

Answer 10

• EEG recordings can distinguish between different stages of sleep, such as REM sleep and non-REM sleep. Each stage has a distinct EEG pattern. By analyzing these patterns, doctors can identify abnormalities in sleep architecture, such as disruptions in the normal progression of sleep stages.
• Some sleep disorders, such as nocturnal seizures, involve abnormal electrical activity in the brain that can be detected by EEG. Monitoring EEG during sleep can help differentiate between epileptic seizures and other sleep-related behaviors.