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MEDS5009 > dementia and neurodegenerative disorders > Flashcards

dementia and neurodegenerative disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

function of nervous system

A

detecting, analysing and transmitting information

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2
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

cranial and spinal nerves

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4
Q

afferent

A

outgoing

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5
Q

efferent

A

incoming

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6
Q

components of neurons

A

cell body, dendrites, axons

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7
Q

functional unit of nervous system

A

neurons

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8
Q

dendrites

A

have synaptic terminals that communicate with axons and dendrites of other neurons

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9
Q

axons

A

vary in length, have long efferent process that project from cell body and connect other neurons to chemically communicate

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10
Q

neuroglial cells

A

provide protection and metabolic support to neurons

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11
Q

astrocytes

A

help to form BBB that prevents toxic materials in blood from entering brain

involved in regulation of blood flow and scare and repair formation

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12
Q

oligiodendrocytes

A

produce myelin used to insulate axons and increase velocity of nerve impulse conduction

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13
Q

microglia

A

small phagocytic cell that is available for cleaning up debris after cellular damage, infection or cell death

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14
Q

death of brain

A

4-6 minutes

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15
Q

major fuel of nervous system

A

glucose

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16
Q

hindbrain

A

includes medulla oblongata, pons (and its dorsal outgrowth), cerebellum

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17
Q

midbrain

A

2 pairs of dorsal enlargements, superior and inferior colliculi

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18
Q

forebrain

A

consists of 2 hemispheres covered by cerebral cortex

contains gray matter, basal ganglia and rostral end of neural tube, diencephalon and thalamus and hypothalamus

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19
Q

corpus callosum

A

thick area of myelinated axons that connects cerebral cortex of the 2 sides of the brain

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20
Q

interventricular foramen

A

small opening which connects the third ventricle of diencephalon to lateral ventricles of the cerebral hemispheres

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21
Q

lobes of cerebral cortex

A

frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal

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22
Q

gyrus

A

ridge between 2 grooves

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23
Q

sulcus / fissure

A

groove

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24
Q

ventricular system

A

series of CSF filled cavities in brain

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25
cerebrospinal fluid functions
provides supporting and protective fluid for brain and spinal cord maintain constant ionic environment that serves as medium for diffusion of nutrient, electrolytes and metabolic end products to extracellular fluid supports mass of brain, cushions brain
26
cerebrospinal fluid
ultra-filtrate of plasma, composed of eater with other constituents 500 mL produced daily
27
choroid plexus
reddish mass of specialised ependymal cells and capillaries which produce CSF
28
ependyma
thin layer of neuroglial cells that line ventricles and central canal of spinal cord
29
blood brain barrier
provides means for maintaining stable chemical environment
30
lipid soluble molecules
easily cross lipid layers of blood brain barrier
31
water soluble compounds
excluded from brain, especially if high ionic charge
32
32
neurodegeneration
progressive atrophy and loss of function of neurons
33
common neurodegenerative diseases
Alzheimer's and parkinson's
34
multiple sclerosis
immune mediated disorder where body's immune system attacks the myelin sheath
35
affected areas of multiple sclerosis
- optic nerve (vision) - corticobulbar tracts (speech and swallowing) - corticospinal tracts (muscle strength) - cerebellar tracts (gait and coordination) - spinocerebellar tracts (balance) - medial longitudinal fasciculus (conjugate gaze function of extraocular eye muscles) - posterior cell columns of spinal cord (position and vibratory sensation)
36
relapsing remitting MS
episodes of acute worsening with recovery and stable course between relapses
37
secondary progressive MS
gradual neurologic deterioration with/without superimposed acute relapses in a person with previous relapsing-remitting disease
38
primary progressive MS
continuous neurologic deterioration from onset of symptoms
39
progressive relapsing MS
gradual neurologic deterioration from onset of symptoms but with subsequent superimposed relapses
40
diagnosis of MS
no definitive test, use combination of MRI and CSF analysis
41
evidence for diagnosis MS
1. 2 or more episodes of exacerbation separated by 1 month or more and lasting more than 24 hours with subsequent recovery 2. clinical history of defined exacerbations and remissions, with or without complete recovery, followed by progression of symptoms over period of at least 6 months 3. slow and stepwise progression of signs and symptoms over a period of at least 6 months
42
treatment of MS
good nutrition, rest, physical therapy, corticosteroids for attacks and interferon beta, glatiramer acetate and mitoxantrone (modify course of disease)
43
action of corticosteroids in MS attacks
reduce inflammation, improve nerve conduction and immunologic effects
44
cerebrovascular disease
neurological deficit due to cerebrovascular compromise caused by ischemia or hemorrhage
45
causes of global cerebral ischemia
low perfusion, acute decrease in blood flow, chronic hypoxia, repeated episodes of hypoglycemia
46
ischemia stroke
regional ischemia to brain that results in focal neurologic deficits that last longer than 24 hours
47
transient ischemic attack
neurologic deficits last less than 24 hours
48
thrombotic stroke
due to rupture of atherosclerotic plaque, results in pale infarct at periphery of cortex
49
embolic stroke
due to thromboemboli, results in infarct at periphery of cortex
50
lacunar stroke
occurs secondary to hyaline arteriolosclerosis, complication of hypertension
51
pure motor stroke
involvement of internal capsule
52
pure sensory stroke
involvement of thalamus
53
dementia
general term to describe group of symptoms including loss of memory, judgement, complex motor skills, language and other intellectual functions, caused by permanent damage or death of neurons
54
Alzheimer's disease
specific form of dementia which involves progressive and degenerative disorder that attacks neurons resulting in loss of memory, thinking and language skills and behavioural changes
55
amyloid plaques
insoluble build up that is toxic and results in neurodegeneration
56
tau
neurofibrillary tangles
57
AD risk factors
age, female, ApoE-4 genotype, family history of dementia, hypercholesterolemia, hyper-homocysteinemia, diabetes, head injury, psychological stress, hypertension, smoking
58
AD protective factors
education, active cognitive involvement, physical activity, diet with high antioxidant content (omega 3 FA, vitamins E, C), dietary vitamins (B12, B6, folate), moderate alcohol use, statins and non-steroids antinflammatory agents
59
early signs of AD
memory impairment, difficulty concentrating, planning or problem solving, problems finishing daily tasks, confusion with location or passage of time, loss of spatial cognition, difficulty logical thinking and explaining, anti-social behaviour, frequent changes in mood or personality
60
diagnosis of AD
thorough medical history, mental status testing, physical and neurological examination, blood and neuroimaging
61
treatment of AD
amyloid antibody (aducanumab) N-methyl D-aspartate antagonists (delay progression in moderate to severe disease) cholinesterase inhibitor (stabilise cognition temporarily in mild to mod disease)
62
original amyloid plaque hypothesis
amyloid deposition induces toxicity and amyloid plaques attenuate APP cleaving enzymes
63
paradox of original amyloid hypothesis
failure of anti-amyloid therapies, no increase in amyloid plaques in sporadic AD, severity of plaques doesn't correlate with severity of disease and there is presence of amyloid plaques in cognitively healthy individuals
64
current amyloid hypothesis
amyloid over-expression induces AD (mouse), and mutation of amyloid gene shown in early onset AD
65
influence of dietary fats on AD risk
high fat diet compromises vascular function which can lead to oxidative stress, inflammation and leukocyte recruitment

MEDS5009 (19 decks)

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