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MEDS5009 > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

functions of respiratory system

A

gas exchange, host defence, metabolic organ, reservoir for blood storage

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2
Q

pleural fluid

A

reduces friction between visceral and parietal pleura, but can still move together

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3
Q

alveoli

A

functional unit of the lung, single lined, allow diffusion for gas exchange

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4
Q

conducting airways

A

conduit for air flow, serve to condition inspired air, specific structure to maintain patency of airways, specialised secreted mucosa to maintain and protect integrity of airways

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5
Q

mucus blanket

A

moistens air and traps foreign particles

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6
Q

cilia

A

beats in one direction to move foreign particles and mucus out of lungs (coughing or swallowing)

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7
Q

conducting zone

A

bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

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8
Q

transitional and respiratory zones

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs

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9
Q

ventilation

A

movement of gas into and out of the lungs through a system of open airways and along a pressure gradient resulting from change in chest volume

inward and outward movement of air

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10
Q

inspiration

A

contraction of diaphragm, expansion of chest cavity resulting in decrease intrathoracic pressure = air moves into lungs

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11
Q

expiration

A

relaxation of diaphram and chest cavity = increase in intrathoracic pressure = air moves out of lungs

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12
Q

factors that alter ease of air movement

A

resistance of airways - inversely related to fourth power of airway radius and lung compliance

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13
Q

lung complaince

A

ease with which the lungs can be inflated

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14
Q

gas exchange

A

the exchange of gases between the alveoli of the lungs and the capillaries

CO2 moves from capillaries into lungs for expiration

O2 from inspired air moves from alveoli to RBC in capillaries

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15
Q

perfusion

A

flow of blood and blood elements

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16
Q

dead space

A

volume of air that is moved with each breath but does not participate in gas exchange

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17
Q

anatomic dead space

A

contained in conducting airways that normally do not participate in gas exchange

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18
Q

alveolar dead space

A

results from alveoli that are ventilated but not perfused

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19
Q

shunt

A

blood moves from right to left side of heart without being oxygenated

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20
Q

anatomic shunt

A

blood moves from venous to arterial side of circulation without going through lungs

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21
Q

physiologic shunt

A

results from blood moving through unventilated parts of lungs

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22
Q

normal respiratory function

A

ventilation, gas diffusion, transport of gases, perfusion

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23
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air moves into and out of lungs with each breath

(500 mL)

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24
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

maximum air inhaled from point of maximum expiration

(3L)

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25
expiratory reserve volume
maximum volume of air that can be exhaled from resting end-expiratory level (1.1L)
26
residual volume
volume air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration measured indirectly, can't be measured using spirometer (1.2L)
27
functional residual capacity
volume of air remaining in lungs at end expiration (RV + ERV) (2.3L)
28
inspiratory capacity
inspiratory reserve volume plus tidal volume (3.5L)
29
vital capacity
maximum amount of air that can be forcible exhaled from point of maximum inspiration (4.6L)
30
total lung capacity
total amount of air the lungs can hold sum of all inspiratory volumes (5.8L but 20-25% less for females)
31
maximum voluntary ventilation
maximum amount of air breathed in a given time
32
forced vital capacity (FVC)
maximum amount of air that can be rapidly and forcibly exhaled from lungs, after full inspiration
33
forced expiratory volume achieved in 1 sec (FEV1)
volume of air expired in first sec of FVC
34
percentage of FVC
FEV1/FVC % volume of air expired in first second expressed as a percentage
35
forced mid expiratory flow rate
determined by locating points on volume-time curve and recording obtained FVC corresponding to 25-75% FVC and draw straight line through points
36
forced inspiratory flow rate
forced inspiratory flow volume inspired from residual volume at point of measurement
37
atelectasis
partial or complete collapse of lungs or section of lung, which often occurs when alveoli lose air leading to decrease gas exchange
38
cause of atelectasis
blockage of air passages or pressure on lung
39
symptoms of lung disorders
dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis
40
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
41
hemoptysis
blood in sputum
42
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
group of conditions characterised by limitation of airflow bronchiectasis, emphysema, asthma, chronic bronchitis
43
bronchiectasis
chronic necrotising infection of bronchi and bronchioles leading to abnormal dilation of airways dilation permanent due to loss of muscle and elastin
44
emphysema
permenant enlargement of airspaces distal to terminal bronchioles accompanies by destruction of walls, without obvious fibrosis characterised by over inflation
45
diagnosis of emphysema
macroscopic appearance of lungs - pale, voluminous, thinning and destruction of alveolar walls (large air spaces)
46
sings of emphysema
loss of elastic tissue, reduced radial traction on small airways, diminished alveolar capillaries, fibrosis of respiratory bronchioles and accompanying bronchitis
47
key mechanisms of emphysema
1. excess cellular proteases with low antiprotease level 2. excess ROS from inflammation
48
protease-antiprotease hypothesis
alveolar wall destruction and airspace enlargement invokes excess protease or elastase activity unopposed by appropriate antiprotease regulation
49
clinical course of emphysema
cough and wheezing, weight loss, reduced FEV1
50
death from emphysema
pulmonary failure with respiratory acidosis, hypoxia and coma right sided heart failure
51
chronic bronchitis
inflammation of bronchi characterised by persistent productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months in 2 consecutive years (clinical grounds)
52
risk factors of bronchitis
smokers, urban dwellers, age 40-65
53
chronic bronchitis pathogenesis
hypersecretion of mucus that starts in large airway, mostly caused by smoking or pollutants
54
chronic bronchitis morphology
enlargement of mucus-secreting glands, increase number of goblet cells and loss of ciliated epithelial cells, squamous metaplasia, dysplastic changes and carcinoma inflammation, fibrosis and narrowing of bronchioles
55
chronic bronchitis clinical course
prominent cough and production of sputum hypercapnia, hypooxemia, cyanosis cardiac failure
56
hypercapnia
high CO2
57
hypoxemia
low oxygen
58
cyanosis
clinical sign where fingers and lips turn blue due to reduced Hb
59
bronchial asthma
chronic relapsing inflammatory disorder characterised by hyperactive airways leading to episodic, reversible bronchoconstriction due to increased responsiveness of tracheobronchial tree to various stimuli
60
extrinsic asthma
initiated by type 1 hyper-sensitivity reaction induced by exposure to extrinsic antigen (allergy based - immune response to allergens) develop early in life
61
intrinsic asthma
initiated by diverse, non immune mechanisms including ingestion of aspirin, pulmonary infections, cold, inhaled irritant, stress and exercise no personal or family history of allergic reaction and develops later in life
62
asthma pathogenesis
exaggerated broncho constriction chronic airway inflammation bronchial hyper-responsiveness
63
clinical presentation of asthma
asthma attack - dypnea, cough, difficult expiration, hyperinflation, mucous plug status asthmaticus - severe cyanosis, persistent dyspnea (can be fatal) can progress to emphysema superimposed bacterial infection can occur
64
cystic fibrosis
heterogenous recessive genetic disorder with features that reflect mutations in CFTR gene characterised by bacterial infection of airways and sinuses
65
CFTR
CF transmembrane conductance regulator
66
role of CFTR
transports Cl across membranes of cells in lungs, liver, pancreas, digestive tract, reproductive tract, skin
67
consequence of mutation in CFTR
Cl- can't pass into of cell and therefore Na+ and water can't pass out of cell = increase Cl in sweat and dehydrated mucus
68
dehydrated mucus
thick mucus gets stuck and blocks passages

MEDS5009 (19 decks)

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