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MEDS5009 > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

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1
Q

endocrine system

A

regulation of growth, metabolism, sex differentiation and adaptive responses

uses hormones to regulate and integrate bodily functions

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2
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers transported in body fluids with function to modulate of physiological responses

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3
Q

hypothalamus hormones

A

releasing and inhibiting hormones (CRH, TRH, GHRH, GnRH), somatostatin, dopamine

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4
Q

releasing and inhibiting hormone action

A

control release of pituitary hormones

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5
Q

somatostatin action

A

inhibits GH and TSH

delays absorption of glucose in intestine

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6
Q

dopamine action

A

inhibits prolactin release from pituitary and inhibits FSH, LH

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7
Q

posterior pituitary hormones

A

ADH, oxytocin

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8
Q

prolactin action

A

prepares female breast for breastfeeding

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9
Q

ADH action

A

increases water reabsorption at kidneys

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10
Q

oxytocin action

A

stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection from breasts

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11
Q

anterior pituitary hormones

A

GH, TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, prolactin

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12
Q

growth hormone action

A

stimulates growth of muscle and bone, promotes protein synthesis and fat metabolism, decreases CHO metabolism

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13
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone action

A

stimulates secretion and synthesis of adrenal cortex hormones

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14
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone action

A

stimulates the secretion and synthesis of thyroid hormones

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15
Q

follicular stimulating hormone action

A

stimulate growth of ovarian follicle and ovulation

sperm production

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16
Q

luteinising hormone action

A

stimulates the development of corpus luteum and release of oocyte, production of oestrogen and progesterone

stimulates testosterone secretion and development of interstitial test tissue

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17
Q

adrenal medulla hormones

A

adrenal androgens, norepinephrine, epinephrine

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18
Q

adrenal androgens action

A

convert testosterone to DHT

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19
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine action

A

neurotransmitters for SNS

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20
Q

adrenal cortex hormones

A

mineralcorticoids (aldosterone) and glucocorticoids (cortisol)

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21
Q

aldosterone action

A

increase sodium absorption and potassium loss by kidney

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22
Q

cortisol action

A

regulates blood glucose, affects growth, anti-inflammatory, decrease stress effects

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23
Q

thyroid hormones

A

T3, T4

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24
Q

T3 and T4 action

A

increases metabolic rate, increases protein and bone turnover, increases response to catecholamines, essential for infant and fetal growth and development

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25
parathyroid hormones
calcitonin and PTH
26
calcitonin action
decreases calcium and phosphate levels in the blood
27
Parathyroid hormone action
regulates serum calcium
28
pancreatic hormones
insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
29
insulin action
facilitates glucose uptake by cells, decreases blood glucose
30
glucagon action
stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, increases blood glucose
31
kidney hormone
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
32
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D action
stimulates calcium absorption in intestine
33
ovaries hormones
oestrogen and progesterone
34
oestrogen action
development of female sex organs and secondary characteristics
35
progesterone action
influence menstrual cycle, stimulate growth of uterine wall and maintain pregnancy
36
testes hormones
androgens - testosterone
37
testosterone action
development of male sex organs and secondary characteristics, aid sperm production
38
autocrine
secreted by cells in local area, influence activity of same type of cell (e.g. prostoglandins)
39
paracrine
produced by variety of tissues and secreted into tissue spaces, having a localised effect on other tissues (e.g. somatostatin)
40
neurohormone
produced by neuron, function as hormone (e.g. oxytocin)
41
neurotransmitter
produced by neurons and secreted into extracellular space by pre-synaptic nerve terminals travel short distances (e.g. epinephrine)
42
pheromone
secreted into environment and modifies physiology and behaviour of other individuals in same species
43
protein hormone
stores in vesicles in cytoplasm and released as needed water soluble, circulate unbound
44
steroid hormones
secreted upon synthesis in smooth ER lipid soluble, circulate attached to a carrier
45
change caused by proteins
alter cell activity of target tissues by increasing/decreasing normal processes change permeability of cell membrane by opening or closing ion channels synthesis of proteins
46
second messenger system
peptide hormone attaches to receptor on cell surface. second messenger sends for target cell response (e.g. glucagon, insulin, TSH, ACTH)
47
intracellular receptors
steroid hormones diffuse through cell membrane and is taken up by nucleus to directly bind to hormone-response elements or DNA (e.g. oestrogen, progesteron, T3/T4)
48
hypophysial portal system
blood flow which connects hypothalamus and anterior pituitary hypothalamus secreted releasing and inhibiting factors which control the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary
49
supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
nerve axons that connect the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary hypothalamus produces oxytocin and ADH, which are released by posterior pituitary
50
hormone diagnostic tests
medical history, physical exam, blood test (hormone concentrations, anti-bodies), fasting or dynamic testing, suppression tests (hyperfunction), integrity of feedback system, urine tests, genetic tests, imaging (isotopic and non-isotopic)
51
hypofunction
absence of impaired development of gland, lack of enzyme, gland destroyed, ageing, drug therapy, receptor not synthesised, signalling impaired, cellular response impaired, production of inactive hormones or blocked by antibodies
52
hyperfunction
excessive stimulation, hyperplasia, hormone-producing tumor, ectopic hormone production
53
primary defect
target gland level
54
secondary defect
anterior pituitary level
55
tertiary defect
hypothalamus level
56
pituitary disease
adenomas (tumours) or damage to pituitary stalk, result depends on hormones affected
57
hypopituitarism
decreased secretion of pituitary hormones congenital or acquired abnormalities associated with increased morbidity and mortality 70% loss = clinically significant
58
hypopituitarism symptoms
weakness, cold intolerance, loss of appetite, fever, postural hypotension
59
arginine vasopressin deficiency
diabetes insipidus
60
growth hormone
stimulated by hypoglycaemia, increased amino acids in blood, fasting, starvation and stress inhibited by cortisol, increase FFA, increase BG and obesity regulated by GHRH (stimulates), ghrelin (stimulates), somatostatin (inhibits)
61
ghrelin
increases appetite lipid accumulation in visceral fatty tissue in abdomen
62
short stature
condition where attained height is below 3rd percetile or linear growth is below normal for age and sex measure GH and combination of IGF-1 stimulation test, need to rule out non-endocrine causes bone x-ray to assess bone age, MRI on hypothalamic-pituitary area treated = catch up on growth
63
childhood onset GH deficiency
decreased adult height, decreased body fat, decreased lean body mass, decreased BMD, decreased IGF-1, increase LDL
64
adult onset GH deficiency
normal height, increase body fat, decrease lean body mass, increase LDL, decrease HDL
65
child onset GH excess
tall stature, Marfan's syndrome (tall and slim, long appendices), possible gigantism but rare
66
adult onset GH excess
acromegaly (=increase risk of mortality), increase CV and cancer risk
67
clinical manifestations of acromegaly
increased risk of CVD, cancer and mortality somatotropic adenoma of pituitary, acromegalic facies, goiter, hypertension, barrel chest, hyperostosis, insulin resistance, male sex dysfunction, increased size of hands and feet, degenerative arthritis, peripheral neuropathy, thickened skin
68
hypothyroidism
disorder of thyroid resulting in decreased production and secretion of T3/T4
69
hypothyroidism causes
congential, thyroidectomy, radiation therapy, drugs, iodine deficiency and Hashimoto's disease
70
Hashimoto's disease
autoimmune disorder where the autoimmune system attacks the thyroid gland, resulting in inflammation and damage
71
hyperthyroidism
disorder of the thyroid gland resulting in excess production and secretion of T3/T4 (too much)
72
causes of hyperthyroidism
grave's disease, multinodular goiter and adenoma
73
symptoms of hypothyroidism
decreased BMR, weight gain, intolerance to cold, brachycardia, decrease CO, decreased appetite, deep voice, decreased sensitivity to catecholamines
74
symptoms of hyperthyroidism
increased BMI, increased sensitivity to catecholamines, weight loss, intolerance to heat, increased sweating, increased appetite, restlessness, anxiety, increased CO, tachycardia
75
grave's disease
autoimmune disorder that attacks the thyroid gland, produces TSH receptor antibodies = over active thyroid
76
tests of thyroid function
T3, T4 and TSH concentrations, thyroid antibodies (anti-TPO in hashimotos), radio-iodide uptake test and scan, imaging, fine need aspiration biopsy
77
Cushing Syndrome
excess glucocorticoids caused by adrenal carcinoma, ACTH secreting tumour, exogenous corticosteroid administration, alcoholism
78
symptoms of cushing's disease
increase waist circumference, central adiposity, buffalo hump, moon face
79
diagnosis of cushing's syndrome
24-hour cortisol excretion, dexamethasone suppression test, plasma levels of ACTH, MRI and CT scans
80
treatment of cushing's syndrome
removal of adenoma followed by cortisol therapy, removal of adrenal glands if primary adenoma, removal of ectopic tumours and drugs to block steroid synthesis
81
insufficient glucocorticoids
addison's disease, pituitary tumour
82
addisons disease
autoimmune destruction of thyroid gland resulting in insufficient production release of cortisol
83
symptoms of addisons disease
fatigue, postural dizziness, GI issues, weight loss, hyperpigmentation

MEDS5009 (19 decks)

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