Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

MEDS5009 > immune system > Flashcards

immune system Flashcards

(63 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

immunity

A

body’s ability to defend against specific pathogens and foreign substances in the initiation of disease processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

immune response

A

multidimensional response initiated by body’s various defence systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

innate immunity

A

first line of defence - epithelial layer and inflammatory response

immediate response, non-specific but ability to recognise PAMPs (general patterns)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

molecular components of innate immunity

A

cytokines, complement proteins, acute-phase proteins, soluble mediators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

cellular components of innate immunity

A

phagocytes, NK cells, DCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

phagocytes

A

monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

neutrophils

A

55% of WBC, phagocytic cells and early responders to innate response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

eosinophils

A

1-4% WBCs, do not ingest debris but mainly antigen-antibody complexes and viruses, activated in parasitic infections and allergic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

basophils

A

1% of WBC, consists of granules with substances (Histamine, protelytic enzyme) and becomes activated in allergic and parasitic infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

monocytes

A

largest size of all WBCs (3-7%), released from bone marrow and migrate into tissues and transform into macrophages and dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

macrophages

A

essential for clearance of bacteria when epithelial barrier is breached

efficient process of phagocytosis using PAMPs

process antigens (with dendritic cells) and initiate adaptive immune response

remove antigen-antibody aggregates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

PAMPs

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

dendritic cells

A

link between innate and adaptive immunity, have surface projections, present mostly in immature form but transform into antigen-presenting cells (APCs) once in presence of pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

APCs

A

antigen presenting cells interact with lymphocytes directly and via secretion of communicating molecules (cytokines)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

natural killer cells

A

recognise PAMPs, defend against tumour and virus infected cells, help development of adaptive response via production of cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

CD16

A

cell surface molecule that serves as a receptor for IgG molecules which provide NK ability to lyse to IgG-coated target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

pathogen recognition

A

PAMPs come into contact with PRR and bind, which initiates signalling events that lead to complement activation, phagocytosis and autophagy

WBC, neutrophils and monocytes (macrophages) move to tissue and amplify inflammatory response by secreting cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

PRR

A

pattern recognition receptors which active pro-inflammatory and antimicobial response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

soluble mediators of innate immunity

A

opsonins, cytokines and acute-phase proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

opsonins

A

molecules that coat negatively charged particles on cell membrane, results in enhanced recognition and binding of phagocytic cells to microbes

enhances binding to specific PRR and facilitate phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

inflammatory cytokines

A

TNF-a and lymphotoxin, interferons, interleukins and chemokines have short lived, local effect

inflammatory process can expand to surrounding areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

TNF-a and lymphotoxins

A

inflammatory cytokines that regulate the development of lymphoid tissues and inflammatory process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
IFNs
inflammatory cytokines that regulate immune response due to viral infection; help presentation of antigens to T cells; help regulate immune response by increasing expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells, stimulate migration of leukocytes to infected tissues and stimulate production of antibodies
26
acute phase proteins
mannose-binding ligand or C-reactive protein involved in defense against infections act as costimulatory opsonins, enhance binding of phagocytic cells to opsonised invading microorganisms
27
complement system
part of innate and adaptive immunity for localised and removal of micro-organisms formed by group of proteins in blood, when activated lead opsonisation of pathogens, migration of leukocytes, inflammatory response and lysis of pathogens
28
pathways for activation of complement system during innate immune response
classical, lectin, and alternative pathways
29
adaptive immune response
secondary line of defence involving antigen-antibody complex to kill foreign cells slower and more specific response
30
molecular components of adaptive immunity
cytokines, complement system, antibodies
31
antigen
substances or molecules that are foreign to body and trigger production of antibodies by B lymphocytes
32
epitopes
smaller components of antigen that have unique molecular shape, which can be recognised by and bound to specific Ig receptor found on surface of lymphocyte or by an antigen-binding site of secreted antibody
33
cells of adaptive immunity
lymphocytes, antigen presenting cells (includes macrophages, DC and NK cells), antibodies
34
lymphocytes
make up 36% of WBCs and possess capacity for memory regulatory cells control immune response and effector cells carry out elimination of antigen
35
memory capacity of lymphocytes
presence of specific receptors or antibodies on surface called cluster of differentiation memory T and B lymphocytes
36
B lymphocytes
forming antibodies and provide humoral immunity
37
T lymphocytes
cell mediated immunity
38
helper T cells
help B cells produce specific antibodies bind to another carrier which has been processed by an APC and is regulated by MCH which allows to differentiate between self and foreign peptides
39
antigen presenting cells
APCs key role in bridging innate and adaptive immune systems through cytokine driven up regulation of MHC-II molecules key role in development of autoimmune diseases and atherosclerosis
40
immunoglobulins
composed of 2 identical light chains and 2 identical heavy chains to produce Y structure Fab fragments carry antigen binding sites, Fc fragment (tail) determines functional characteristics of class of Igs
41
humoral immunity
protection provided by B-lymphocyte derived plasma cells, which produce antibodies that travel in blood and interact with antigens
42
cell mediated immunity
protection through cytotoxic T lymphocytes which protect against virus infected or cancer cells
43
plasma cell role in immunisation
formed due to initial vaccination, destroy invading organism or toxin
44
memory cell role in immunisation
formed due to initial vaccination, provide defence against future exposure
45
booster immunisation
produces immediate antigen-antibody response that stimulates immediate risk in antibody levels
46
function T lymphocytes
activation of other T cells and B cells, control of intracellular viral infections, rejection of foreign tissue grafts, activation of autoimmune processes, activation of delayed hypersensitivity reactions
47
type 1 hypersensitivity disorder
dependent on IgE-mediated activation of mast cells and basophils and subsequent release of chemical mediators of inflammatory response anaphylaxis, food reactions, allergic asthma, hay fever
48
type 2 hypersensitivity disorder (cytotoxic)
antibody mediated mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies directed against target antigens on specific host cell surfaces or tissues and result in complement-mediated phagocytosis and cellular injury myasthenia gravis, grave's disease, pemphigus vulgaris, rheumatic fever
49
type 3 hypersensitivity disorder
immune complex caused by formation of antigen-antibody immune complexes in bloodstream, which subsequently deposited in vascular epithelium or extravascular tissues and activate complement system and induce massive inflammatory response systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
50
type 4 hypersensitivity disorder
cell-mediated involves tissue damage to which cell-mediated immune responses with sensitised T lymphocytes cause cell injury T1DM, Tb, MS, contact dermatitis
51
autoimmune disease
heterogenous group of disorders that occur when body's immune system fails to differentiate self from nonself and mounts an immunologic response against host tissues hashimotos thyrdoiditis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, Crohn's, rheumatoid arthritis
52
coeliac disease
permanent T cell mediated enteropathy caused by ingestion of gluten in genetically susceptible individuals
53
classical coeliac form
common in children under 5 years presents with chronic diarrhoea, poor appetite, weight loss, abdominal distension, muscle wasting and mood changes can result in coeliac crisis (rare) or intestinal intussusception
54
non-classical coeliac disease
most common presentation and characterised by non-specific intestinal complaints, extraintestinal manifestations or other systemic manifestations or complications including nutritional deficiencies, arthritis, alopecia, recurrent stomatitis and chronic uritacia
55
coeliac crisis
characterised by watery diarrhoea, marked abdominal distension, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, hypoalbuminaemia, hypotension, lethargy
56
subclinical coeliac disease
identified through screening programs in general population or case finding in at risk groups
57
anti-transglutaminase 2 antibodies
directed against major coeliac disease autoantigen, highly specific and sensitive for active coeliac disease
58
diagnosis
testing for IgA anti-TG2 antibodies and total serum IgA IgG anti-DGP suitable for patients with selective IgA deficiency or children younger than 2 marsh classification for extend of intestinal damage - small intestine biopsies
59
marsh 0
healthy mucosa (normal)
60
marsh 1
unspecific increase of immune cells suspicious but not specific
61
marsh 2
enlongated crypts coeliac disease
62
marsh 3A-C
shortened villi, long crypts = villous atrophy coeliac disease
63
coeliac disease treatment
GF diet - monitoring for nutrient deficiencies and improvement of symptoms probiotics to treat dysbiosis nutritional support, pharmocological agents or stem-cell transplantation in non-responsive cases of refractory coeliac disease monitor hematological profile (Fe, folate, vit D) BMD assessment on diagnosis monitor IgA antiTG2 levels

MEDS5009 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions