Development

Question 1

3 mountains task

Answer 1

Piaget and Inhelder (1956)

Question 2

Gunderson et Al

Answer 2

Parent Praise to 1-to 3-Year-Olds Predicts Children’s Motivational Frameworks 5 Years Later

Question 3

Stages of development

Answer 3

1. Sensorimotor
2. Pre operational
3. Concrete operational
4. Formal operational

Question 4

Sensorimotor

Answer 4

Birth - 2 years old

Simple activities to a wider range of situations and coordinates them into lengthy chains of behaviour.

Just starting to realise that they are in control of their movements – allows them to develop new intellectual abilities.

Question 5

Pre operational

Answer 5

2-6/7 years old

Memory is developed (knows diff from past and future

Children start to use mental imagery and language

Children here are very egocentric (3 mountains task)

Question 6

Concrete operational

Answer 6

7-11/12 years old

Capable of taking another person’s point of view (less egocentric)

can incorporate more than one perspective simultaneously.

Children can work out story problems that do not ask for the abstract but deal with facts alone.

Understand seven types of conservation

Their thought pattern is now logical and systematic making it easier for them to find answers to simple problems

Question 7

Formal operational

Answer 7

12 - adulthood

thinking logically

solving hypo-deductive tasks

working in abstract (algebra)

thinking theoretically

Question 8

Conception

Answer 8

First two weeks

Neural plates start to form and make neural tube

Eventually becomes brain and spinal chord

Question 9

First trimester

Answer 9

7 weeks - 3 months

Neural tube enlarges to form forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

Neurones and synapses start to form in tube

early movement is enabled

Question 10

second trimester

Answer 10

6 months

myelination occurs

gyri and sulci (ridges and folds) form

basic sensory reactions (sound)

hippocampus and cerebral cortex develop from cerebral hemisphere

Question 11

Third trimester

Answer 11

6 - 9 months

Cerebral cortex takes over from brain stem

including:
foetal breathing
basic learning
increased response to external stimuli

Question 12

conclusion of Gunderson et Al

Answer 12

There are gender differences in the way each gender is praised, boys received more process praise

Boys tended to have more of an incremental framework than girls,

girls tend to attribute failure to ability more than boys do.

Question 13

Results of Gunderson et Al

Answer 13

3% of all parental comments to the child were praise.

Process praise was 18%
person praise was 16%

24.4% of praise for boys was process 10.3% of praise for girls was process

Question 14

Dweck’s Mindset Theory of Learning

Answer 14

Fixed mindset

Intelligence, ability and talent are fixed and unchangeable traits

Talent creates success— and for the naturally gifted it is without much effort.

Growth mindset

Most basic abilities can be developed through dedication and hard work— intellect and talent are simply where you start.

This view creates a love of learning and a resilient determination to succeed.