Memory

Question 1

STM

Answer 1

Temporary memory store with specific characteristics: capacity, duration, and encoding

Question 2

LTM

Answer 2

A more permanent memory store with specific characteristics: capacity, duration, and encoding

Question 3

Semantic

Answer 3

Knowing the meaning of things

E.g Understanding that the capital of France is Paris

Question 4

Episodic

Answer 4

Knowing when events happened

E.g Knowing that you went to France

Question 5

Procedural

Answer 5

Knowing how to do something

E.g Knowing how to ride a bike

Question 6

2 Types of Procedural Memory

Answer 6

Explicit - Whilst learning to ride a bike, you can think about how to do it

Implicit - However, once learned, you cannot introspect on how to ride a bike

Question 7

Sensory memory

Answer 7

The store where all IMMEDIATE information is briefly held unless it is paid attention to and moved to STM

Question 8

Encoding

Answer 8

Baddeley et al (1966)
Sensory - Raw sensory data
STM - Acoustically
LTM - Semantically

Question 9

Peterson and Peterson (1959) Short-term Retention of Individual Verbal Items

Answer 9

To test the true duration of STM

Question 10

Organic amnesia

Answer 10

caused by physical damage to the brain

Question 11

Functional amnesia

Answer 11

caused by psychological factors, such as shock

Question 12

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 12

LTM Deficit
no access premorbid

STM Preserved
can create new memories after damage (known as memory post-morbid)

Question 13

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 13

STM deficit
Cannot create new memories post-morbid

LTM preserved
Remember who you are up to point of damage pre-morbid

Question 14

Omission

Answer 14

Information that is deemed unimportant will be omitted

Question 15

Familiarisation

Answer 15

Reconstructing the memory to fit in with what you are already familiar with

Question 16

Transformation

Answer 16

Changing the memory over time

Question 17

Rationalisation

Answer 17

Changing memory to ‘what makes sense’

Question 18

Peterson & Peterson (1959)

Answer 18

To test the true duration of STM

Question 19

Peterson & Peterson (1959) results

Answer 19

The longer each student had to count backwards, the less able they were to accurately recall the trigram.

After 3 seconds they remembered 80%

After 18 seconds, the percentage of correct recall was less than 10%

Question 20

Duration

Answer 20

Peterson and Peterson (1959)
sensory - Ms
STM - 15-30 seconds
LTM - lifetime if rehearsed

Question 21

Capacity

Answer 21

Miller (1956)
Sensory - Dependent on attention
STM - 7 +/- 2
LTM - Untestable/unlimited

Question 22

5 stages of memory

Answer 22

INPUT
ENCODING
STORAGE
RETRIEVAL
OUTPUT

Question 23

Input

Answer 23

most information enters the memory visually (eyes) and acoustically (ears) etc

Question 24

Encoding

Answer 24

the memory trace is encoded so it can be internally represented

Question 25

Storage

Answer 25

once encoded and stored, it can be retrieved processed in STM and retrieved from LTM

Question 26

Retrieval

Answer 26

sometimes easy, sometimes hard. (Is failure to remember the same as forgetting? Often it is a question of accessibility [looking in the right place])

Question 27

Output

Answer 27

Applying the information