development 2 Flashcards
What are Mahler’s 6 stages of separation-individuation?
Describe each stage and ages involved.
- NORMAL AUTISM (birth -2 months)
- Baby spends more time asleep than awake.
- Baby is detached/self-absorbed - SYMBIOSIS (2- 5 months)
- Child is now aware of their mother, but sees itself to be a single entity with mother, and there is a barrier between them and the rest of the world. - DIFFERENTIATION (5-10 months)
- Child is drawn to the outside world and it starts to differentiate from mom. - PRACTICING (10-18 months)
- Child starts exploring the world independently, but still sees itself as same entity as mom. - RAPPROCHMENT (18-24 months)
- Child’s independence vacillates with its need for mom. Child moves away and constantly come back to mom for reassurance. - OBJECT CONSTANCY (2-5 years)
- Child understands the permanency of people even if they are not in sight.
Harry Harlow experimented on Resus monkeys showing the importance of social relationships in early development….
Describe the monkeys that are partially isolated (can see, hear and smell other monkey but can’t interact)?
Fully isolated?
Mother only raised?
Peer only?
Separated (taken from caretaker after developing bond)
Partially isolated = Start vacantly into space, self-mutilate, follow stereotyped behaviors.
Fully isolated = VERY fearful, unable to copulate, and unable to raise young.
Mother only = unable to copulate, didn’t leave mom, and afraid of others.
Peer only = Timid, easily frightened, had a little playfulness, grasped other monkey in a clinging manor.
Separated = initial protest then despair
What are the three essential stages of separation described by Bowlby and Robertson when describing childhood attachment disorder?
- Protest - crying, calling out, searching for mom
- Despair and Pain - child loses faith that mom will return
- Detachment and denial of affection - to mom upon return.
What are the 5 stages of Elisabeth Kugler-Ross’s paradigm in classifying the stages of a person’s reaction to impending death?
- Shock/Denial
- Anger - “why me” and self blame
- Bargaining - negatiate with friends, family, doctors and even God to alleviate illness in exchange for good deeds.
- Depression - frank s/s of depression.
- Acceptance - acknowledges and comes to terms with death.
Freud described a series of stages in which children pass as a part of normal development. These stages correspond to shifts of sexual energy from one erotic body part to the next.
What are the 5 stages of psychosexual development?
What ages?
What is the “Principle task”?
What is the consequence of getting “Fixated” in this phase?
- Oral Phase
- Birth - 1 yo
- Principle task = weaning
- Fixation= dependent adult - Anal Phase
- 1-3 yo
- Principle task = toilet training.
- Fixation = obsessive compulsive neurosis - Phallic Phase
- 3-5 yo
- Principle task = sexual identity, resolving Oedipus complex/Electra complex.
- Fixation = Sexual dysfunction - Latency Phase
- 5 yo to puberty
- Principle task = develop defense mechanisms
- Fixation = none - Genital phase
- Puberty on
- Principle task = solidification of adult personality and reaching sexual maturity.
- If all stages are passed successfully you are a mature adult and mentally healthy.
At what age do you see the highest rate of neuronal synapse formation?
Toddler (peaking around 2 years old)
Very young children who are openly displaying sexual behaviors with other peers and sexualizing play…you should rule out what?
Sexual abuse
Describe the milestones associated with the following ages:
2 months 4 months 6 months 8 months 12 months
2 months = cooing, smiling, hold head up 45*
4 months = Laughing, squealing, sustained social contact, grasp objects, bear weight on legs.
6 months = imitate speech sounds, single syllables, prefers mother, transfer objects form hand to hand, raking grasp (grasp without thumb) and sitting up with support.
8 months = jabbering, playing peekaboo, waving bye bye, sitting without support and crawling.
12 months = “dada, mama,” standing alone, thumb finger pincer grasp.
Describe the milestones associated with the following ages:
12 months 14 months 18 months 2 years 2.5 years 3 years
12 months = “dada, mama,” standing alone, thumb finger pincer grasp.
14 months = 1-2 word vocabulary, indicated desire by pointing, hugging, walking alone.
18 months = Six word vocabulary, able to self feed, stairs with hand held.
2 years = Combining words, 250 word vocabulary, copy horizontal line, running well.
2.5 years = knows full name, refers to self as “I,” Pretend play, climbing stairs with alternating feet, copy vertical cline.
3 years = knows age and sex, rides tricycle, stands briefly on one foot, copy circle.
What is state dependent learning?
facilitated recall of information in the same internal state or environment in which the information was originally learned.
