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Development Flashcards

1
Q

Urogential Ridge

A

intermediate mesoderm –> urogenital ridge
nephrogenic ridge -> urinary system
gonadal/genital ridge -> gential system

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2
Q

Pronephric phase

A

pronephros arise in cervical region and give rise to pronephric duct –> grows caudally and opens into cloaca
- eventually degenerates

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3
Q

Mesonephric phase

A

pronephric duct becomes mesonephric duct

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4
Q

Metanephric phase

A

definitive kidney

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5
Q

Mesonephros

A

gives rise to the mesonephric tubules that become efferent ductules of male testis

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6
Q

Ureteric Buds

A

mesonephric duct in male gives rise to ductus deferens in male
- also gives rise to ureteric buds in both male/female
Ureteric buds -> grow into intermediate mesoderm and initiate formation of definitive kidney
- gives rise to ureter, renal pelvis, calyces, collecting ducts

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7
Q

Nephrons

A

Bowman’s capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule
- arise from intermediate mesoderm through induction by arched collecting tubules

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8
Q

Glomerulus

A

formed by endothelial cells growing into renal capsule

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9
Q

Uriniferous tubules

A

consist of nephron and collecting ducts

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10
Q

Metanephric kidneys

A

definitive kidneys

- located deep in pelvis but ascend into abdomen later in development

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11
Q

Renal Agenesis

A

failure of ureteric bud and metanephric mesoderm to interact

  • more common on L and in males
  • if bilateral –> death
  • suspect in single umbilical artery patients*
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12
Q

Duplicated/branched ureter

A

bifurcation of ureteric bud

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13
Q

Ectopic ureter

A

ureter enters urogential sinus derivative at some site other than dorsolateral wall of urinary bladder

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14
Q

Supernumerary kidney

A

due to divison of ureteric buds and interaction with areas of metanephric mesoderm

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15
Q

Pelvic kidneys

A

failure of kidney to migrate from pelvis

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16
Q

Crossed kidney

A

kidney migrates to opposite side and kidneys fuse

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17
Q

Horseshoe kidney

A

2 kidneys fuse at inferior poles and migration is blocked by inferior mesenteric artery

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18
Q

Multiple renal arteries

A

due to segmental blood supply during development

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19
Q

Urorectal septum

A

mesoderm origin –> divides cloaca into rectum and urogenital sinus

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20
Q

Urogential sinus

A

continuous with allantois –> extends to body stalk

  • vesicle part -> forms urinary bladder (continuous with allantois which becomes urachus)
  • pelvic part -> becomes bladder neck and prostatic urethra in male, full urethra in female
  • phallic/spongy part -> grows toward genital tubercle
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21
Q

Perineal Body

A

forms where urorectal septum comes in close contact with cloacal membrane

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22
Q

Mesonephric ducts and ureteric bud

A

incorporated into posterior wall of developing urinary bladder
- results in trigone of bladder formed by mesonephric duct

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23
Q

Epithelium of entire bladder

A

ENDODERM of urogential sinus

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24
Q

Urethra

A

Proximal male -> urogential sinus
Distal male -> ectoderm
Female -> urogenital sinus

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25
CT and smooth muscle of bladder
splanchnic mesoderm
26
Urachal sinus and fistula
Sinus --> secretion of fluid (not urine) | Fistula --> need to see if it is urine or fecal material
27
Exstrophy of bladder
bladder that opens onto anterior abdominal wall | - lack of anterior wall mesoderm to close during 4th week
28
Megacyst
ONLY in MALE - posterior urethral valves don't undergo apoptosis during development and block outflow of urine - leads to renal failure and pulmonary hypoplasia
29
Adrenal Medulla
neural crest cells --> chromaffin cells
30
Adrenocortical primordia
cranial part of urogenital ridge - cortex develops from mesoderm located on posterior ad wall Fetal cortex --> large size Permanent cortex -> develops later and replaces fetal cortex
31
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
many clinical forms, due to enzyme deficiencies | - 21-beta hydroxylase gene is most common
32
Genetic sex determination
at time of fertilization, but phenotypic sex is determined at 7th week of development
33
Phenotypic maleness
presence of Y chromosome --> SRY protein --> testicular determining factor --> development of testes
34
Phenotypic female
2 X chromosomes -> absence of Y chromosome
35
Klinefelter syndrome
47 XXY -> nondysjunction of XX homologues | - infertility, gynecomastia, and impaired sex maturation
36
Turner syndrome
46 XO -> failure of gonads to develop and infantile genitalia -> lack of paternal sex chromosome - short stature, high palate, webbed neck, broad-shield chest, widespaced-inverted nipples, absence of sexual maturation
37
Ovotesticular disorder
hermaphrodites (disorder of sexual development) | - possess both testicular and ovarian tissue
38
Migration of gametes from umbilical vesicle
into genital ridge during sex development - primordial germ cells enter genital ridge during 5th week - caudal end = gonads - developing gonads consist of mesothelium, mesenchyme, and primordial germ cells
39
Cortical cords
Male - germ cells migrate to cortical cords and form seminiferous tubules --> precursors of sertoli cells Female - cortical cords break apart and form follicular cells
40
Efferent ductules
form from mesonephric ducts and become epididymis
41
Interstitial cells of Leydig
develop from mesenchyme and synthesize androgens
42
Sertoli Cells
don't mature during fetal period but under influence of hCG -> produce anti-Mullerian hormone --> suppress paramesonephric ducts
43
Oogonia
formed from primordial germ cells --> meiosis stimulating factor --> enter meiosis I --> primary oocyte
44
Differentiation of Male Sexual Duct System
- anti-Mullerian hormone from Sertoli Cells -> paramesonephric ducts degenerate -> leaving prostatic utricle - testosterone causes mesonephric ducts to become epididymis, ductus deferens, ejac duct
45
Differentiation of Female Sexual Duct System
If ovaries present or gonads absent, ducts differentiate into female phenotype - absence of anti-Mullerian hormone allows paramesonephric ducts to develop (uterine tubes and uterus) --> travel caudally and fuse to form uterovaginal primordium --> makes sinus tubercle
46
Upper 1/3 of vagina
develops from paramesonephric ducts
47
Lower 2/3 of vagina
develops from vaginal plate derived from urogential sinus
48
Greater vestibular glands
bulbourethral glands
49
Paramesonephric duct agenesis
complete/partial absence of uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina --> shallow vagina - normal ovarian cycle but no menstruation
50
Double uterus and double vagina
paramesonephric ducts fail to fuse
51
Double uterus and single vagina
only distal end of paramesonephric ducts fuse
52
Bicornuate uterus
defective fusion of paramesonephric ducts
53
Uterine septum
incomplete resorption of tissue of developing uterus
54
Unicornuate uterus
only 1 paramesonephric duct develops
55
Absence of uterus and vagina
failure of uterovaginal primordium to form and induce formation of sinus tubercle
56
Migration of gonads
Male - gubernaculum guides testis down through deep inguinal ring and under influence of androgens Female - gubernaculum becomes ligament of ovary and round ligament of uterus
57
Cryptorchidism
undescended testes - results in sterility and increased risk of cancer
58
Ectopic testis
due to migration of testis to some other site because of abnormal location of gubernaculum
59
Congential inguinal hernia
indirect hernia | - peritoneal cavity fails to close
60
Hydrocele
accumulation of fluid in remains of process vaginalis
61
Male external development
testosterone --> DHT - produces masculinization by stimulating phallus to enlarge and elongate - penis - urogential folds fuse to form spongy urethra - ectodermal cord grows to form glans - labioscrotal swellings form the scrotum
62
Female external development
lack of testosterone -> estrogens induce feminization - phallus becomes clitoris - urogenital folds become labia minora (space is vagina) - labioscrotal swellings form labia majora

Endo/Repro (34 decks)

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