development and aging questions

Question 1

2 stages in the 1st trimester? what is established in each?

Answer 1

ENBRYOGENIC - FORMATION OF 2 POPULATIONS (PLURIPETENT AND EXTRAEMBRYONIC)

EMBRYONIC - ESTABLISHMENT OF GERM LAYERS AND BODY PLAN

Question 2

what 3 things happen in compaction

Answer 2

OUTER CELLS CHANGE SHAPE

INNER CELLS CLUSTER AT ONE END

OUTER CELLS BECOME POLARISED AND FORM TIGHT JUNCTION AND DESMOSOMES

Question 3

when does hatching occur?

Answer 3

day 5-6

Question 4

in periimplantation what 2 cell types does the trophoectoderm divide into?

Answer 4

cytotrophoblasts and syncitiotrophoblasts

Question 5

what does the top layer of the epiblast become?

Answer 5

amnion

Question 6

what happens in gastrulation

Answer 6

GROOVE FORMS ACROSS BILAMINAR DISC. CALLED THE PRIMITIVE STREAK

FORMATION OF A NODE CONTAINING DEPRESSION CALLED PIMITIVE PIT

EPIBLAST CELLS MIGRATE THROUGH AND REPLACE HYPOBLAST, MORE MIGRATE THROUGH.CALLED INVAGINATION

Question 7

what organs are derived from the endoderm?

Answer 7

gi tract
liver 
pancreas 
lung 
thyroid

Question 8

what organs are derived from ectoderm

Answer 8

skin

cns

Question 9

mesoderm derived?

Answer 9

muscle, blood, kidneys, bone

Question 10

what are the 2 somite derived tissies?

Answer 10

SCLEROTOME - BECOMES VERTEBRAE, CARTILAGE OF ROBS

DERMOMYOTOME - BECOMES DERMATONE AND MYOTOME

Question 11

what does the absence of the SRY gene lead to?

Answer 11

ovary development with the FOXL2 tf

Question 12

what is genomic imprinting

Answer 12

A PHENOMOMION SEENWHERE PARTICALUR GENES ARE ONLY TRANSCRIBED FROM ONE PARENT RATHER THAN BOTH. DUE TO METHYL GORUPS

Question 13

which gene mitation may see repeated hydatidiform moles

Answer 13

NLRP7

Question 14

how may cigarettes increase ectopic pregnancy risk

Answer 14

contanin is increased. changes PROKR1
changes the smooth muscle cotractions

contanine also increases proaptosis expression

smoke inhibits cillia

Question 15

how may cannabis increase risk of ectopic pregnancy?

Answer 15

CAUSES CANNABINOID AND CANNABINOID RECEOTOR IMBALANCE

MAY ACT DIRECTLY OR ALTER THE BALANCE
LOSS OF CB1R MEANS MORE ECTOPIC PREGNANCY

Question 16

how is nutrition obtained in first trimester

Answer 16

histeotrophic

Question 17

how do they recieve nutrition in 2nd trimester

Answer 17

haemotropic nutrition

Question 18

what does the chorion give rise to

Answer 18

chorionic villi

Question 19

what dies the allantois become? how?

Answer 19

umbilical chord after being coated in mesoderm

Question 20

3 phases of villi development?

Answer 20

OUTFROWTH OF CYTOTROPHOBLAST

GROWTH OF FETAL MESODERM INTO THESE VILLI

GROWTH OF UMBILICAL ARTERY AND VEIN INTO MESODERM

Question 21

how does maternal blood change in pregnancy?

Answer 21

INCREASE CO,
INCREASE BLOOD VOLUME,
REDUCTION IN PERIPHERAL REISTANCE, INCREASE IN PULMONARY VENTILATION

Question 22

what happens in cervical ripening

Answer 22

INCREASE IN HYALIRON DEPOSITION AND IMMUNE CELL INFILTRATION (IL6 AND 8)

Question 23

what happens in cervical dilation

Answer 23

INCREASE IN HYALURONIDASE EXPRESSION AND METALLOPROTEINASES BREAK DOWN COLLAGEN

Question 24

how does the fetus determine the timing of partruition?

Answer 24

REOEASES CRH

CAUSES INCREASE IN FOETAL AND PLACENTAL CORTISOL AND CRH BY POS FEEDBACK.

THIS ALSO INCREASES DHEAS, INCREASING SUBSTRATE FOR ESTROGEN PRODUCTION

Question 25

via which receptor does oxytocin signal

Answer 25

OXTR

Question 26

what happens to OXTR before labour?

Answer 26

IT IS U[REGULATED BY OESTROGEN , INHIBITED BY PROGESTERONE BEFORE LABOUT

Question 27

3 roles of oxytocin?

Answer 27

* INCREASES CONNECTVITIY OF MYOCYTES IN MYOPETRIUM * DESTABILISES MEMBRANE POTENTIAL TO LOWER THRESHOLD FO CONTRANTIO * LIBERTATES INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM FOR CONTRACTION

Question 28

how does risking oestrogen drive prostaglandin production?

Answer 28

ESTROGEN ACTIVATES PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 TO GENERATE MORE ARACHIDONIC ACID FOR PG SYNTHESIS E2 STIMULATES OXTR, WHICH PROMOTES PG RELEASE

Question 29

role of pge2

Answer 29

cervical remodelling

Question 30

role of pgf2

Answer 30

contractions - destabilse membrane potentials

Question 31

pgi2

Answer 31

promotes smooth muscle relaxation and relaxation of lower uterine segment

Question 32

what is needed for a dianosis if pre eclampsia

Answer 32

NEW ONSET HYPERTENSION AFTER 20 WEEKS

Question 33

risk factors for pe

Answer 33

``` PBESITY, FAMILY HISTORY, PREVIOSU PE HYPERTENSION, LACK OF EXERCISE IVF, DIABETES, PCOS ```

Question 34

risks of pe to the mother

Answer 34

low organ perfusion death eclampsia placental abruption

Question 35

what do pglfs do?

Answer 35

proangiogeneic and encourage remodelling

Question 36

how can undernutrition in utero cause issues?

Answer 36

EXCESSIVE GROWTH POST NATALLY | FETAL DEVELOPMENT ALTERS FOETAL METABOLISM, LEAFING TO EPIGENETIC CHANGES

Question 37

6 fundamentals of screening?

Answer 37

``` EARLY TEST - REDUCE MORBIDITY OR MORTALITY EASY TEST COST EFFECTIVE TREATABLE DISEASE REPRODUCABLE ```