neurology hard qs Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
what is cytoarchitecture classification based on? 5
A
STRUCUTRE, FUNCTION, SPACING PACKING DENSITY. BRODMANN AREAS
2
Q
6 roles of frontal lobe
A
HIGHER FUNCTIONS, DECISION MAKING, PEERSONALITY, MOVEMENT LANGUAGE MEMORY ATTENTION
3
Q
what is the role of the parietal lobe
A
SOMATOSENSORY, SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND PROPRIOCEPTION
4
Q
3 roles of the temporal lobe?
A
hearing
memory
emotion
5
Q
4 structures in the limbic lobe?
A
amygdala
mamillary body
gingulate gyrus
hippocampus
6
Q
roles of limbic lobe
A
emotion
reward pathway
memory
learning
7
Q
where is the insular cortex located
A
UNDER LATERAL FISSURE
8
Q
what is the role of the insular cortex
A
visceral sensation, interoception, autonomics, auditary and vestibular processing
9
Q
what lobes do the arcuate fasicululs gibre connect?
A
trontal to temporal
10
Q
what lobes do the arcuate fasicululs gibre connect?
A
trontal to temporal
11
Q
what doe sthe uncinate fasciculus connect?
A
temporal to frontal
12
Q
how are primary cortices arranged
A
tophographically
13
Q
what is seen in parietal lobe lesions
A
contralateral neglect
14
Q
what things are seen in temporal lobe lesions
A
agnosia
antograde amnesia
15
Q
how does fmri work
A
LOOKS AT APRT OF BRAIN EBIN USED IN SPECIFIC ACTIONS BY BLOOD OXYGEN IN REGION
16
Q
what is the priinciple underlying tdcs
A
TRANSCRANIAL DC TIMULATION. USED DC OVER SCALP TO INCREASE/DECREASE NEURONAL FIRING RATES
17
Q
how does dti work
A
imaging tracts using h2o diffusion
18
Q
what is the first branch of the subclavian artery
A
vertebral artery
19
Q
what is the FAST of stroke
A
face
arms
slurred speech
call ambulacne
20
Q
features of anterior cerebral artery stroke?
A
LEG PROBLEMS, PERSONALITY CHANGESM LOSS OF INTELLECT, JUDGEMENT
21
Q
FEATURES OF middle CEREBRAL ARTERY STROKE?
A
ARM PROBLEMS, HEMIANOPIA, APHASIA, HEMISENSORY DEFICITS
22
Q
POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY STROKE SIGHNS?
A
VISION PROBLEMS AGNOSIA HOMONYMOUS HEMIANOPIA PROSOPAGNSIA
23
Q
2 roles of tectospinal tract?
A
POSTURE
CHANGES MUSCLE TONE
24
Q
when may the rubrospinal tract become more active
A
NNERVATE FLEXORS OF UPPER LIMBS IF CORTICOSPINAL INJURY
25
what is apraxia
| when does it occur
APRAXIA - DISORDER OF FINESKILLED MOVEMENT.
OCCURS IN LESION OF SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR AREA AND PREMOTOR CORTEX
26
when are fibrillations visable
emg
27
umn signs of ALS
DYSARGHIA, HYPERREFLEXIA, SPASTICITY BABINSKIS SIGN DYSPHAGIA
28
lmn symptoms of als
DYSPHAGIA, WEAKNESS, AYSARGHIA FASCICULATIONS AND WASTING, ATROPHY
29
what is the basal ganglia
SERIES OF STRUCTURES WICH HELP WITH MOTOR CONTROLL
30
role of the caudate nucleis
decision to move
31
role of lentiform nucleus
elaborating associated movements
32
role of substantia nigra
suppressing unwanted movemenrt
33
role of ventral pallidum
performing movements in order
34
what is damaged in ballism
subthalamic nucleus
35
5 symptoms of parkinsons
```
BRADYKINESIA,
HYPOMIMIC FACE,
AKINESIA,
RIGIDITY,
TRMOR AT REST
```
36
5 symptoms of huntingtons
```
CHOREIC MOVEMENTS,
SPEECH IMPAREMENT,
DYSPHAGIA,
UNSTEADY GAIT,
DEMENTIA
```
37
what is the role of the vestibulocerebellum?
| what is seen in lesions?
BALANCE HEAD AND EYE MOVEMENTS AND BALANCE
BALANCE ISSUE, FALLS ATAXIA
38
what is the role of the spinocerebellum? what is seen in lesions?
COORDINATION OF SPEECH AND LIMB MOVEMENT
| LESION DUE TO CHRONIC ALCHOHOLISM - ABNORMAL GAIT AND STANCE
39
role of cerebrocerebellum? what is seen in lesion?
EMOTION REGULATION, COGNITIVE FUNCTION AND LANGUAGE PROCESSING
LESIONS AFFECT ARMS, SKILLED MOVEMENT, SPEECH, TREMOR
40
5 broad symotoms of cerebellar dysfucntion?
```
ATAXIA
DYSMETRIA
INTENTION TREMOR
DYSDIADOCHOKINESIA
SCANNING SPEECH
```
41
where are alpha motor neurones found/
anterior horn of grey matter
42
what do alpha motor neurones innervate
extrafusal muscle fibres
43
what is a motor neuone pool
all alpha motor neurones that go to a single muscle
44
what do gamma motor neurones do
innervate intrafusal muscle fibres
| detect and alter sensitivity to stretch
45
what is clonus
repeated rhythmic movements
46
2 ways dementia can be diagnosed?
plasma/csf markers
| pet scanning
47
3 stages of dementia developemtn?
PRECLINICAL - LOSS OF CELL FUNCTION BUT NO PHENOTYPE
MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT
DEMENTIA
48
outline the clincial process for a dementai diagnosis
referral
clinical interview
neuro eam
investgations including mmse and inmaing
49
what is assessed in the nurological exam for dementia?
cns
gait
frontal lobe
psych
50
what is measured in neuropsychology?
mmse
| aceIII
51
what is lewy bodies characterised by?
hallucinations within 1 year of parkinsonian symotms
52
what type of memory loss occurs in altzheimers and why?
short term
| hippocampus loss
53
what is seen in csf of altzheimers?
low amyloid
| hihg tau
54
what is seen on lewy body pet scan
reduced dopamine uptake
55
what is seen on frontotemporal demeentia mri
atrophy of frontal lobe
| assymetric and perisylbian fissure volume loss
56
symtoms of meningism?
PHOTOPHOBIA NAUSEA VOMITNG STIFF NECK PHONOPHOBIA
57
8 red flag headach neurological symptoms?
```
VISUAL LOSS,
CONFUSION,
SIEZURES,
HEMIPARESIS,
DOUBLE VISION,
3RD NERVE PLASY
HORNER SYNDROME
PAPILLOEDEMA
```
58
what is seen in horners syndrome
SYMPATHETIC DAMAGE - CONSTRICTED PUPIL, DROOPY EYE, ENOPTHALMOS dry eye
59
how is a subarachnoid visualised
ct and angiogram
60
what occurs naturally to stop subarachnoids
vasospasm
61
3 ways of diagnosing carotid/vertebral dissection?
angiogram
doppler
mri
62
what is seen on ct for subdural
flaxign herniation
63
which group often gets temporal arteritis
women over 55
64
presenting symptoms of temporal arteritis
PAIN BRUSHING HAIR
UNILATERAL HEADACHEM
JAW CLAUDICATION
65
how is temporal arteritis treated?
steriods 3-4 years
| asprin
66
what condition is often seen with temproal arteritis
polymyalgia rheumatica
67
serious complication of temporal arteritios
BLINDNESS DUE TO INVOLVEMENT OF POSTEIOR CILLARY MUSCLES
68
what serology is seen in temporal arteritis?
what is seen on ultrasound
what is seen on biopsy
increased crp and esr
halos on uss
biopsy giant cells and inflammation
69
4 causes of cerebral venous thrombosis
thrombophilia
pregnancy
dehydratino ]behcets
70
what happens in herpes simplex encephalitis
haemorrhagic changes to temporal lobe
71
symptoms of sinusitis
ANOSMIA
CATARRH
FOCAL TENDERNESS IF PRESS SINUS
72
when is sinusitis worst?
morning
73
symptoms of pseudotumour cerebri
VISUAL DISTURBANCES WHEN BENDING DOWN, HEADACHE, PAPILLOEDEMA
DIPLOPIA AND TINITTUS
74
what is pseudotumour caused by?
```
HYPERTENSION AND OBESITY ,
COP
STERIODS
ABS
VIT E
```
75
treatments of pseudotumour
WEIGHT LOSS
DIURETICS
OPTIC NERVE SHEATH SECOMPRESSION LUMBOPERITONEAL SHUNT,
STENTING VENOUS SINUSES
76
4 treatments for trigeminal neuralgia
carbemazepine
lamotrigine
gabapentin
posterior fossa decoompression
77
2 arms of migrane symptoms
focal symptoms and or headache
78
2 arms of migrane symptoms
focal symptoms and or headache
79
what is seen in prodrome
CHANGES IN MOOD, CRAVINGS, URINATION, FLUID RETENTION
80
what happens in elemental visual disturbance
VISUAL DISTURBANCES MOVING FROM CENTRE TO EDGE OF VISION DUE TO SPREADING ELECTRICAL DEPRESSION
81
drugs for migrane
paracetamol and metraclopride
| triptans and nsaids
82
what is tms
transcranial magnetic stimulation for migranes
83
prophylactic drugs for migranes
```
over the counter preps
trycyclic antidepressants
beta blockers
serononin agonist
botox crown of thorn
cop
```
84
what doese erenumab target
cgrp antagonists - disables calcitonin gene receptor
85
what type of pain does a cluster headache produce
severe unilateral
86
acute treatment for cluster headaches
inhaled o2
| triptans
87
1st line prevention for cluster headaches
prevented with verapamil
88
what are the afferent signals for crying
CORNEA, CN6, OPTHALMIC TRIGEMINAL
89
what. are the whites of the eye made out of
sclera
90
what is the choroid
vascular coat behind sclera
91
5 layers of cornea
```
epithelium
bowmans membrane
stroma
decemets membrane
endothelium
```
92
role of corneal endothelial cells?
PUMP FLUID OUT OF CORNEA AND PREVENT OEDEMA
93
what is the uvea and what are the 3 parts
VASCULAR COAT OF THE EYE.
IRIS
CILARY BODY AND
CHOROID
94
where is the lens
behind iris
| its for accommodation
95
where is the highest conc of cones
fovea of macula
96
what are the first order/second/third order neurones in the transmission of light?
1ST - RODS/CONES
2ND - BIPOLAR CELLS
3RD - RETINAL GANGLION CELLS
97
3 different types of cone?
S CONE - BLUE
M CON - GREEN
L CONE - RED
98
what happens in myopia
excess refraction
| globe too long
99
what happens in axial hyperopira
globe too short
100
what is ambylopia
uncorrected hyperopia >5d
101
outlien the course of the optic nerve
PARTIAL DECUSSATION AT OPTICC CHIASM - OPTIC TRACT - LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEIS - VISUAL CORTEX
102
what would casue right homonymous hemianopia?
left cerebrovascular event
103
why is the macula sometimes spared
AS A DUAL BLOOD SUPPLY FROM BOTH POSTERIOR CERBRAL ARTERIES
104
3 things that happen when the eye is exposed to light
CONSTRICTION PSNS.
INCREASED SEPTH OF FIELD.
REDUCED BLEACHING OF PHOTOPIGMENTS
105
how is the so tested?
look down and in
106
how is the io tested?
look up and in
107
what is the main role of the middle ear?
amplify sound and transmit to cochlea
108
describe the uncoiled structure of the cochlea
SCALA VESTIBULI, SCALA MEDIA, SCALA TYPMANI
109
what is contained in the basillar membrane
organ of corti
110
how is neurotrasmitter produced by the hair cells
DEFLECTION OF STERIOCILIA TO LONGEST CILIUM - OPENS K+ CHANNELS - DEPOLARISATION - CA2+ INFLUX - LIBTERATION OF NT
111
outline the auditory pathway
SPIRAL GANGLIA IN COCHLEA - CN8 - IPSILATERAL COCHLEAR NUCLEI - CONTRALATERAL SUPERIOR OLIve - INFERIOR COLLICULILS - MEDIAL GENICULATE BODY - AUDITORY CORTEX IN TEMPORAL LOBE
112
what does tympanometry measure
MIDDLE EAR AND EAR DRUM MOTILITY BY CREATING VARIATIONS OF AIR PRESSURE IN THE EAR CANAL
113
what is used for newborn hearing screening
OBOACOUSTIC EMISSIONS
| noise of haircells contracting
114
how does ABR work?
measure electrical activity from cn8
115
2 types of hearing problems?
sensiorineural
| conductive
116
which part of the ear is the vestibular organ located
labrinth
117
what is the vestibule formed of
utricle and saccule
118
how are hair cells arranged in the utricle and saccule
horizontal in urtricle
| verticle in saccule
119
how do semicircular canals detect movement
HAIR CELLS IN AMPULLAE ARE SURROUNDED BY CUPULA - THIS HELPS HAIR CELL MOVEMENT AND DEFLECTION
CANAL HAS ENDOLYMPH WHICH PUSHES THE CUPULA TO ONE SIDE, CAUSING MOVEMENT OF HAIRS
120
what movements d ootolith organs detect
linear accellaration and tilt
121
what do semicircular canals detect
angular accellaration
122
how do semicircular canels detect angular accelleration
HEAD MOVEMENT - ANGULAR ACCELLARATION - ENDOLYMPH FLOW - CUPULA DISPLACEMENT - HAIR CELL DISPLACEMENT - CN8 SIGNAL
123
how are semicircular canals paired
opposite sides anterior and posteior
| laterals together
124
how do caloric tests wwork
STIMULATING INNER EAR WITH TEMPS - GENNERATE ASSYMETRY - EYE MOVEMENT
125
how does vertibular evoked myogenic potential work
measures connection between neck and vestibular system. sees if theres a response in the neck muscles
126
how does the rotational test wrok
detects if the organ is sensing and reflexing
127
2 locations of vestivular disorders?
peripheral - labrinth or cn8
| central - brainstem/cerebellum
128
examples of peripheral disorders?
```
VESTIBULAR NEURITIS, BPPV (ITHOLODS IN CANALS)
MENIERS DISEASE (INCREASED LIQUID IN EAR)
```
129
```
give an example of:
a acute
b recurrent
c intermittent
d progressive
vestibular disorders
```
A. acute VESTIBULAR NEURITIS
B. reccurent MENIERES DISEASE
C. intermittent BPPV
D. progressive MS
