gastro qurestions

Question 1

how does hypomotility cause problems?

Answer 1

loss of motility due to neural defects and muscle atrophy

this casues reflux

Question 2

what are the CREST symtoms?

Answer 2

CALCINOSIS
RENAUDS 
ESOPHAGAL
SCLERODACTILY 
TELECTASIA

Question 3

what is given in hypomotility

Answer 3

prokinetics - cisapride

Question 4

how is corkscrew oesophagus treated?

Answer 4

pnuematic dilation of cardia

Question 5

how does a perforated oesophagus present

Answer 5

chest pain
fever
dysphagia
emphysema

Question 6

investgations for oesophageal perfoation

Answer 6

cxr
ct
gastrogaffin swallow
ogd

Question 7

factors what rasie los pressure?

Answer 7

ach
histamine
pgf

Question 8

outline some factors which lower oesopahageal pressure

Answer 8

caffeine
chocolate
no
dopamine

Question 9

3 mechanisms that protect following reflux?

Answer 9

ph clearance
peristalisis
epithelium barrier

Question 10

how is GORD investigated

Answer 10

ogd
manometry
24h ph monitoring

Question 11

what 2 surgical procedures treat gord

Answer 11

fundoplication and dilation of peptic strictures

Question 12

what and where causes atrophic gastritis

Answer 12

IN THE FUNDUS.
AUTOANTIBODIES AGAINST PARIETAL CELLS
CAUSES PERNICIOUS ANAEMIA AS WELL AS LESS ACIDD.
CAN CAUSE HYPERPLASIA AND CARCINOMA

Question 13

3 things stimulate gastrin production

Answer 13

histamine
gastrin
ach

Question 14

what 3 things inhibit gastrin production

Answer 14

prostaglandins 
somatostatin
adenosine 
secretin
tng alpha

Question 15

4 ways in which the stomach muosa is protected from acis

Answer 15

MUCUS FILM
HCO3 DECRETINO
EPITHELIALS
BLOOD PERFUSION

Question 16

what are the spinal levels for each type of reffered pain?

Answer 16

FOREGUT T5-9
MIDCUT 10-11
HINDGUT L1-2

Question 17

3 inputs into arcuate nucleus?

Answer 17

NEURAL FROM VAGUS NERVE, LEPTIN, GHRELIN, PYY, GUT HORMONES

Question 18

what does the paraventricular necleus contain

Answer 18

neurones that project to the posteior pituitary

Question 19

what effect does agrp have on mc4r

Answer 19

inhibits it

Question 20

where is leptin made

Answer 20

adipose and enterocytes

Question 21

how does ghrlin regulate appetite

Answer 21

INCREASES BEFORE FOOD AND INCREASES APPETIRE AND INHIBITS GASTRIC EMPTYING

Question 22

major phyla of bacteria in gut?

Answer 22

FERMICUTES
BACTERIOIDETES
ACTINOBACTERIA
PROTEOBACTERIA

Question 23

3 components of epithelial barrier

Answer 23

tight junctions
goblet cells
paneth cells

Question 24

what is the structure of MALT

Answer 24

LIMPHOID FOLLICLES SURROINDED BY HEV POST CAPILARY VENULES

Question 25

4 EXAMPLES OF ORGANISED GALT

Answer 25

PEYERS PATCHES, MESENTERIC LYMPH NODES CAECAL PATCHES, MESENTERIC LYMPH NODES

Question 26

2 EXAMPLES OF NON ORGANISED GALT

Answer 26

INTRAEPITHELIAL LYMPHOCYTES, | LAMINA PROPRTIA LYMPHOCYTES

Question 27

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF madcam1 in the lamina propria

Answer 27

MADCAM HELPS CELLS GET INTO THE LAMINA PROPRIA. ADHESION PROTEIN . FOUND ON HEVS

Question 28

outline the mechanism of cholera

Answer 28

SECRETES TOXIN WHICH ALTERS THE CAMP PATHWEAY, MORE ADENYLATE CYCLASE LEADS TO MORE CFTR BEING ON AND LOSS OF SALT AND WATER - DIARRHOEA

Question 29

how is campylobacter transmitted

Answer 29

undercooked meat | treat with macrolide

Question 30

how is c fidd managed

Answer 30

vancomycin and metronizadole

Question 31

how is oesophageal cancer diagnosed

Answer 31

ogd and biopsy

Question 32

4 ways to stage oesopageal cance r

Answer 32

ct laparascopy euss pet

Question 33

3 major forms of colon cance r

Answer 33

sporadic familial hereditary syndrome

Question 34

4 things in history that increase risk of colon cancer

Answer 34

previous cancer polyps uc radiotherapy

Question 35

how do caecal and right sided cancer often present?

Answer 35

palpable mass iron deficiecny anaemia weight loss change in bowel habit

Question 36

what does the faecal occult blood test look for?

Answer 36

guaiac test (avoid red meat and nsaids) also fit testing

Question 37

tumour marker for colon cancer

Answer 37

cea

Question 38

when is a pelvic mri done for colon cance r

Answer 38

MESORECTLY LYMPH NODE INVOLVEMENT. CHOOSE BETWEEN CHEMO OR STRAIGHT TO SRUGERY .

Question 39

what is courvoisiers sign

Answer 39

palpable gallbladder

Question 40

how does tail of pancreas cancer present?

Answer 40

weight loss and back pain

Question 41

which tumour marker is present in pancreatic cancer

Answer 41

ca19-9

Question 42

what can an ercp confirm?

Answer 42

double duct sign | billary stenting

Question 43

3 causes of gallbladder cance r

Answer 43

gallstones porcelain gallbladder chronic typhoid

Question 44

3 causes of cholangiocarcinoma?

Answer 44

psc and uc liver fluke choledochal cyst