Development of Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What 2 methods do blood vessels develop

Answer 1

Vasculogenesis

Angiogenesis

Question 2

Vasculogenesis

Answer 2

Defined as the new formation of a primitive vascular network

Question 3

Angiogenesis

Answer 3

Defined as the growth of new vessels from pre-existing blood vessels

Question 4

What is the process of the formation of aortic sac

Answer 4

First arteries to appear in the embryo are the primitive aorta
Each primitive aorta has a ventral and dorsal part
Fusion of endothelial tubes form sac

Question 5

What arises from aortic sac

Answer 5

Aortic branch

Question 6

What do pharyngeal arteries communicate with and what do they form

Answer 6

Aortic branches

Aortic arches

Question 7

How many aortic arches are formed on each side

Answer 7

6

Question 8

What are the aortic arches in communication with

Answer 8

Dorsal aorta

Question 9

Are all the branches present at the same time? (Y/N)

Answer 9

N

Question 10

Arches 1 + 2 derivative

Answer 10

Maxillary arteries

Question 11

Arch 3 derivatives

Answer 11

Common carotid and first part of internal carotid arteries

Question 12

Arch 4 derivatives left side

Answer 12

Arch of aorta (distal portion)

Question 13

Arch 4 derivatives right side

Answer 13

Right subclavian artery (proximal portion)

Question 14

Arch 5 derivatives

Answer 14

Never forms or forms incompletely and regresses

Question 15

Arch 6 derivatives left side

Answer 15

Left pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus

Question 16

Arch 6 derivatives right side

Answer 16

Right pulmonary artery

Question 17

What does the ductus arteriosus become within 6 months

Answer 17

Closes after baby breathes Ligamentum arteriosum

Question 18

What is the Ligamentum arteriosum

Answer 18

Fixed structure which forms as a tether between aortic isthmus and pulmonary artery

Question 19

What do most defects of the great arteries arise from?

Answer 19

A result of persistence of aortic arches that normally should regress or regression of arches that normally shouldn’t

Question 20

Aberrant subclavian artery

Answer 20

Regression of the right 4th aortic arch and the right dorsal aorta

Question 21

What are the consequences of an aberrant subclavian artery

Answer 21

Forces right subclavian artery to cross the mid-line behind the trachea and oesophagus- which may constrict these organs

Question 22

Double aortic arch occurs..

Answer 22

with the development of an abnormal right aortic arch in addition to a left aortic arch, forming a vascular ring around the trachea and oesophagus

Question 23

What problems does a double aortic arch cause

Answer 23

Difficulty breathing and swallowing

Question 24

What is patent ductus arteriosus

Answer 24

Ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth and can lead to congestive heart failure with increasing age

Question 25

What is Coartation of the Aorta

Answer 25

A congenital condition where the aorta is narrow

Question 26

What are the 2 types of coartation

Answer 26

Proximal to DA (pre-ductal) | Distal to DA (post-ductal)

Question 27

What is the fate of Vitelline Arteries

Answer 27

In adult they are represented by arteries to the foregut, midgut and hindgut

Question 28

What is the fate of Umbilical Arteries

Answer 28

After birth proximal portion persists as internal iliac and superior vesical branches

Question 29

Vitelline veins

Answer 29

Return poorly oxygenated blood from the yolk sac

Question 30

Umbilical vein

Answer 30

Originate from chorionic villi of placenta carrying oxygenated blood to the embryo

Question 31

Cardinal vein

Answer 31

Draining of the body of the embryo

Question 32

Fate of cardinal veins

Answer 32

Form IVC, SVC by anastomosis among the veins

Question 33

What does the cardinal veins consist of

Answer 33

Anterior, posterior and common cardinal veins

Question 34

When does the lymphatic system develop

Answer 34

End of sixth week and around main nerves

Question 35

How many primary lymph sacs are there?

Answer 35

6

Question 36

What are the 6 primary lymph sacs

Answer 36

2 Jugular 2 Iliac Retroperitoneal Cisterna Chyli

Question 37

Good respiration in neonate is dependent upon what

Answer 37

Normal circulatory transition at birth (placenta circulation to pulmonary circulation)

Question 38

What are the important vascular structures in the transitional circulation

Answer 38

Ductus venosus Oval foramen Ductus arteriosus

Question 39

Ductus venosus

Answer 39

Shunts left umbilical vein blood flow directly to IVC (allows oxygented blood from, the placenta to bypass liver)

Question 40

Oval Foramen

Answer 40

Allows blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium (allows blood to bypass lungs)

Question 41

Ductus arteriosus

Answer 41

Allows blood that still escaped to the right ventricle to bypass the lungs

Question 42

Describe Foetal Circulation (6)

Answer 42

1) Blood arrives via umbilical vein 2) The ductus venosus shunts oxygenated blood from placenta away from semi-functional liver to the heart 3) Oxygented blood from placenta enters right atrium via IVC 4) The foramen ovale allows oxygenated blood in the right atrium to reach left atrium 5) the ductus arteriosus connects the aorta with the pulmonary artery shunting blood away from lungs and into aorta 6) Mixed blood travels to the head and body and back to the placenta via the aorta

Question 43

Patent Ductus Arteriosus cause (5)

Answer 43

``` More common in females Rubella infection Failure of muscular wall to contract Lack of surfactant Respiratory distress syndrome ```