Developmental Psychology

Question 1

what is a longitudinal study?

Answer 1

a study that follows the same group of people over a period of time from months to many years in order to evaluate changes in those individuals

Question 2

what is a cross sectional study?

Answer 2

a type of study where people from different ages are examined at the same times

Question 3

what is a cross sequential study?

Answer 3

individuals in a cross sectional sample are tested more than once over a specified period of time

Question 4

what are erik eriksons psychosocial stages of development?

Answer 4

trust v mistrust
autonomy v doubt
initiative v guilt
industry v inferiority
identity v role confusion
intimacy v isolation 
generativity v stagnation
ego integrity

Question 5

what is trust v. mistrust?

Answer 5

is this person good or bad?

Question 6

what is autonomy v. doubt?

Answer 6

can I do this myself or am I dependent?

Question 7

what is initiative v guilt?

Answer 7

am I good or bad?

Question 8

what is industry v. inferiority

Answer 8

am I accomplished or am I inferior

Question 9

what is identity v. role confusion

Answer 9

who am I?

Question 10

what is intamacy v isolation?

Answer 10

will I ever find love?

Question 11

what is generativity v. stagnation

Answer 11

did I contribute to society?

Question 12

what is ego integrity?

Answer 12

did I like a good or bad life?

Question 13

what is a teratogen?

Answer 13

any non genetic agent that produces birth defects at exposure

Question 14

what is fetal alcohol syndrome?

Answer 14

cognitive, and physical abnormalities that result from consuming alcohol while pregnant

Question 15

what is maturation?

Answer 15

genetic growth tendencies are inborn and determined by genetic makeup (sets the course of development which is then molded by life experience)

Question 16

who was harry harlow?

Answer 16

a psychologist who conducted experiments on attachment and the importance of contact comfort

Question 17

what studies did mary ainsworth conduct

Answer 17

the strange situation experiments with attachment styles

Question 18

what is secure attachment? (most common)

Answer 18

infants explore, display high stranger anxiety, easy to calm and are enthusiastic on return to their caregiver

Question 19

what is avoidant attachment?

Answer 19

infants explore, low stranger anxiety, unphased by separation, and avoid contact on return to their caregiver

Question 20

what is anxious attachment?

Answer 20

unwilling to explore, high stranger anxiety, upset by separation, and seek and reject contact on return of the caregiver

Question 21

what is an authoritarian parenting style?

Answer 21

restrictive, allows for little discussion or explanation of the firm controls that are placed on the child

Question 22

what is a permissive parenting style?

Answer 22

few and inconsistent rules and a relaxed attitude that is closer to a friend rather than a parent

Question 23

what is an authoritative parenting style?

Answer 23

a style that is child centered, parents interact closely with their children, while also maintaining high expectations

Question 24

what are piagets stages of cognitive development

Answer 24

sensorimotor stage
preoperational stage
concrete operational
formal operational

Question 25

what are the details of the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 25

birth to 2,, infants use their senses and motor abilities to explore the world - object permanence

Question 26

what are the details of the preoperational stage?

Answer 26

2 to 7,, chidren begin to use language - babbling stage - one word stage - egocentrism - conservation

Question 27

what is egocentrism?

Answer 27

the inability of a child in the preop stage to see any point of view other than their own (you must see what I see)

Question 28

what is conservation?

Answer 28

the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the form of objects (most kids lack this)

Question 29

what are the details of the concrete operational stage?

Answer 29

6 to 11,, children gain mental operations that enable them to think about concrete items and logic

Question 30

what is the formal operational stage

Answer 30

around 12,, think about abstract concepts

Question 31

assimilation

Answer 31

interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas

Question 32

accomodation

Answer 32

adapting our current understandings to incorporate new information

Question 33

what is the zone of proximal development

Answer 33

the range between the level at which a child can solve a problem working alone with difficulty and the level at which a child can solve a problem with the assistance of an adult

Question 34

what is scaffolding

Answer 34

process in which a more skilled learner helps a less skilled learner, and reduces help as the less skilled becomes more capable (ex. a tutor)

Question 35

what is gender identity?

Answer 35

the individuals sense f being male or female or both or neither,, from cultural and social expectations

Question 36

what are gender roles?

Answer 36

set of expectations held by society about the ways that men and women should behave based on their gender

Question 37

what is synaptic pruning?

Answer 37

the selective removal of neurons that are unnecessary to improve brain efficiency (during puberty)

Question 38

what is adolescent egocentrism?

Answer 38

heightened self consciousness, belief that others are as interested in them as they are themselves their sense of personal uniqueness and invulrerability (feeling like everyone is watching you)

Question 39

stages in kholbergs development of moral reasoning

Answer 39

preconventional,, conventional,, postconventional

Question 40

preconventional stage

Answer 40

punishment and avoidance, getting what you want through a trade off (you do the right thing bc of a reward or a punishment)

Question 41

conventional stage

Answer 41

meeting the expectations of others, and upholding laws

Question 42

postconventional stage

Answer 42

shared standards, rights and duties, sense of democracy self selection of universal principles