Unit 5 Sensation and Perception Test Flashcards
1
Q
Sensation
A
hearing, taste, touch, vision, smell: the body detecting stimuli from the environment around us
2
Q
perception
A
the body organizing and interpreting the stimuli you are receiving from the word around you.
3
Q
Sensory receptors
A
these are the cells that translate and environmental stimulus into a neural message
4
Q
transduction
A
translation of an environmental stimulus into a neural message
5
Q
psychophysics
A
the study of how environmental stimuli translate into psychological experience
6
Q
absolute threshold
A
the minimum amount of of stimulus that can be affected 50% of the time (the pen clicking in the hallway)
7
Q
difference threshold
A
(the Just Noticeable difference) the smallest amount of change in an existing stimulus that can be detected 50% of the time (the audio that we listened to in class)
8
Q
sensory adaptation
A
when a stimulus is unchanging, your sensory neurons stop sending that information to the brain
9
Q
cocktail party phenomenon
A
we can focus on a single stimulus among many stimulus and filter out what is not important.
10
Q
sensory deprivation
A
lack of stimulation to one or more of your senses
11
Q
sensory overload ex) a concert
A
excessive stimulation to one or more senses
12
Q
signal detection theory
A
detection of stimuli based on
- experience,, have you seen this stimulus before?
- motivation,, is there an incentive to noticing the stim?
- expectations,, are you anticipating the stim?
- level of fatigue,, are you tired or awake?
13
Q
hit
A
yes signal,, yes response (phone rings, and you pick it up)
14
Q
miss
A
yes signal,, no response (phone rings, and you do not pick it up)
15
Q
false alarm
A
no signal,, yes response (the phone does not ring, and you pick it up anyways)
16
Q
correct rejection
A
no signal, no response (the phone does not ring, and you do not pick it up)
17
Q
cornea
A
clear outermost area of your eye
18
Q
pupil
A
hole through which light enters
19
Q
iris
A
colored part,, determines how much light enters
20
Q
lens
A
clear structure behind the iris,, focuses the light
21
Q
accommodation
A
change in thickness of the lens as the eye focuses
22
Q
myopia
A
near sighted (flat horizontal) you have myopia
23
Q
hyperopia
A
far sighted (flat vertically)
24
Q
astigmatism
A
slightly misshapen cornea
25
retina
the final stop for light in the eye TRANSDUCTION
26
photoreceptors
responds to various light waves,, transduce light into a neural message
27
rods
visual sensory receptors at the periphery of the retina (sees light and dark (non color), movement, and contrast)
28
cones
visual sensory receptors at the back of the retina (color vision, and sharpness)
29
fovea
concentration of cones
30
optic disc
(the blind spot) transduction cannot happen because there are no photo receptors in this part of the eye
31
bipolar cells
transmit info from the rods and cones to the ganglion cells
32
ganglion cells
from the optic nerve, sends images to the brain
33
optic nerve
bundle of ganglion cell axons
34
optic chiasm
optic nerve visual fields crossing over to process in the occipital lobe
35
thalamus
brain sensory switchboard ( no smell)
36
occipital lobe
the lobe that processes vision,, in the back of the brain
37
feature detectors,, hubel and wiesel
mechanisms within our human info processing system that distinguishes features
38
prosopagnosis
photoreceptors used in facial recognition are not there or damaged
39
synesthesia
the layering of different sense,, ie associating colors with sounds
40
wavelength
measure from crest to crest or trough to trough
| shorter= close to blue/violet,, longer=red
41
Properties of light
wavelength, hue, complexity (combo of waves), saturation (strength of a color), amplitude (height of wave),brightness (dictated by amplitude
42
trichromatic theory (young theory)
neural processing of color happens in the retina and it uses cones
43
opponent process theory (hering)
neural processing of color happens in the retinas and the visual cortex (lateral inhibition)
44
after image
visual illusion in which retinal impressions persist after removal of the stimulus
45
lateral inhibition
neurons response to a stim. is inhibited by the excitation of a neighboring neuron
46
integrated explanation
both young and hering theories are true
47
visual dominance
we believe what we see over what we hear
48
properties of sound
amplitude (loudness, height), loudness (high and loud), frequency (pitch and length in between), pitch, complexity, timbre (quality of sound)
49
frequency theory
we perceive pitch bc of the cilia vibrate at the same taste as the sound waves
50
place theory
there are specific areas along the basilar membrane that that are sensitive to pitches
51
pinna
the cartilage covered in skin
52
tympanic membrane
aka eardrum,, vibrates to amplify sounds
53
bones
malleus incus and stapes vibrate to amplify sounds
54
chochlea
wound up fluid filled tube (containes the basilar membrane and cilia)
55
basilar membrane
thin tube inside the cochlea that is lined with cilia
56
hair cells (cilia)
TRANSDUCTION finger looking things,, line basilar membrane
57
auditory nerve
sends auditory messages to the thalamus
58
order of hearing
ear to thalamus to temporal lobe
59
sensorineural hearing loss
damage or death of the cilia
60
conduction hearing loss
damage to the middle ear
61
olfaction
smell
62
mucus membrane
allows chemicals from the air to be disolved and more easily read by the cilia
63
cranial nerve
sends smell info to the olfactory bulb. Then to the brain
64
cilia (in the nose)
TRANSDUCTION pretty much same as the ear
65
olfactory bulb
the forebrain structure that processes s,ell
66
gustation
taste
67
taste receptors
tastebuds TRANSDUCTION
68
papillae
clump of taste receptors
69
taste qualities
sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami
70
additional influences on taste
actual taste,, olfaction, somatosensory input (texture), temp, vision
71
touch receptors
TRANSDUCTION sensory neurons at the surface of a cell
72
thermoreceptors
sensory neurons that sense temp
73
pain
unpleasant psychological of physiological sensation (pros and cons) keeps us safe but also can be useless
74
gate control theory
theory to minimize pain: add sensory stimulation to area of pain or provide a cognitive distraction
75
substance P
pain neurotransmitter
76
kinesthetic sense
awareness of the movements and location of body parts
77
proprioceptors
special sensory neurons in joints and muscles,, their purposes is to signal to the brain the position and location of your body
78
vestibular sense
awarenes of spatial orientation and balance
79
semicircular canals
provide vestibular sene
80
selective attential
singular focus on one stimulus that tends to result in change blindness
81
change blindness
tendency to miss change in the environment due to seletive attention
82
stroop test
the test that has the colors of the words
83
perceptual constancy
brains learned abilit to adapt the raw image to a logical interpretation of the environment
84
size constancy
objects farther away appear smaller and objects closer appear bigger
85
shape constancy
objects maintain shape regardless of angle
86
color constancy
color persists despite change in light
87
perceptual adaptations
a consistent shift in your perceptive field allows your brain to adjust and correctly view the stimulus
88
bottom up processing
circumstance in which you have no perceptive set to interpret stimulus (stepping on a lego in the dark) you see that understand
89
top down processing
when u use a perceptual set to interpret a stimulus (when your home alone every noise is a serial killer) you understand before you see or you do them at the sam e time
90
law of pragnanz
we naturally chunk stimuli
91
muller lyer illusion
the two arrows with the different end point designs
92
ponzo illusion
you see a higher line as longer because of the converging parallel lines that indicate depth to the brain
93
depth perception
the ability to determine how far away something is
94
monocular cues
understanding depth perception with 1 eye
95
relative size
larger= close smaller= far
96
relative heights
high= far low=close
97
overlap
when one object blocks another the brain assumes that the front object is closer
98
texture gradient
objects that appear more textured are perceived as closer than objects that are blurry and smoothed out
99
linear perspective
converging lines in the visual fiels are interpretted as parallel lines leading into the distance
100
motion parallax/relative motion
objects that appear to be moving more quickly are interpreted as close to the eye tan objects that appear to be moving more slowly
101
occulomotor cues
movement in the eye (in the lens) is required
102
accommodation
changing shape of the lens to focus
103
convergence
degree of movement to which the eye must turn in to a focal point
104
depth perception with 2 eyes
binocular cue
105
binocular/retinal display
our eyes see two different things
106
gestalt psychology
seeing and comprehending the bigger picture rather than seeing exactly what is there (closure, proximity, continuation, similarity, figure, ground)
107
similarity
grouping by sameness,, we see things that look a like to be a group
108
closure
the mind closes gaps in bits of info to make the group whole
109
proximity
perceive things that are near each ther to be in a group
110
continuity
we perceive continuous flowing lines where there may not be a full one in the visual field
111
figure ground relationship
the mind can perceive the difference between the focal point and the background
112
visual cliff
series of images that change slightly in rapid sequence perceived as motion
113
motion perception
relies on signals from multiple sources including the visual vestibular and proprioceptive systems
114
stroboscopic motion
images in quick secession give the illusion of movement
115
phi phenomenon
illusion of movement through blinking lights
