Developmental Psychology

Question 1

developmental psychology

Answer 1

the scientific study of changes or continuities in an organism between initial conception and death

Question 2

True or False:
Vision begins in the utero.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Infants’ vision and color vision is ____ until ____ months of age.

Answer 3

poor; 6

Question 4

True or False:
The mother’s voice is the most noticeable external stimulus in the womb.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Newborns prefer to listen to their ____ voice over any other ____ voice.

Answer 5

mother’s; any other woman’s

Question 6

Newborns prefer to listen to their ____ native language over ____ language.

Answer 6

mother’s; any other

Question 7

True or False:
The acoustics of a newborn’s cry is similar to their mother’s native language.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

True or False:
Infants show preference for foods they were exposed to in utero through amniotic fluid.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

What did the carrot juice study show?

Answer 9

Grown-up infants exposed to carrot juice in utero had more positive reactions to carrot-juice cereal.

Question 10

What does the preferential looking paradigm show?

Answer 10

If infants show a preference for striped stimuli over solid color stimuli, they have good visual acuity.

Question 11

At what age can infants see the 1/64 inch square?

Answer 11

6 months

Question 12

True or False:
Newborns show preferences for faces.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Why do newborns prefer faces of their own race by 3 months?

Answer 13

familiarity drives preference

Question 14

What three assumptions are infant testing methods based on?

Answer 14

1. infants will orient to stimuli they find interesting
2. familiarization
3. habituation

Question 15

familiarization

Answer 15

infants prefer to hear/see stimuli that they have heard/seen before

Question 16

habituation

Answer 16

if the infant has been repeatedly exposed to a stimulus (to the point of boredom) then they should prefer new stimuli

Question 17

What did the high amplitude sucking procedure study find regarding a baby’s ability to differentiate languages?

Answer 17

When a baby hears English for a long time, their sucking response drops
When a baby starts hearing Spanish, their sucking rate goes up

Question 17

What did the high amplitude sucking procedure study find regarding a baby’s ability to differentiate languages?

Answer 17

When a baby hears English for a long time, their sucking response drops
When a baby starts hearing Spanish, their sucking rate goes up

Question 18

dishabituation

Answer 18

infant becomes interested in a new stimulus

Question 19

What does Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development show?

Answer 19

how and why a child thinks differently from an adult

Question 20

schema

Answer 20

an organized unit of knowledge that the child uses to try to understand a situation

characteristics of a bird

Question 21

assimilation

Answer 21

new experiences are readily incorporated into child’s existing theories

an eagle is also a bird

Question 22

accommodation

Answer 22

theories are modified based on experience

a butterfly is not a bird, so schema needs to be modified

Question 23

What is the order of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

Answer 23

sensorimotor –> pre-operational –> concrete operational –> formal operational

Question 24

True or False: Piaget's theory progresses in a linear fashion and one cannot be in between stages.

Answer 24

True

Question 25

sensorimotor stage (0-2 years old)

Answer 25

* infants progress from simple reflexes to symbolic processing * develop an understanding of object permanence around 9 months of age

Question 26

object permanence

Answer 26

the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible

Question 27

What did Baillargeon's violation of expectations study show?

Answer 27

infants can develop object permanence before 9 months of age

Question 28

pre-operational stage (2-7 years)

Answer 28

children can mentally represent objects and think symbolically

Question 29

What two concepts do children have difficulty with in the pre-operational stage?

Answer 29

* logical reasoning and problem solving * Theory of Mind: representing the psychological experiences of others

Question 30

What two tasks do children have difficulty with in the pre-operational stage?

Answer 30

* conservation * three mountains task

Question 31

What are limitations of the conservation task?

Answer 31

* verbally demanding * asking the same thing twice * children are more inclined to respond in a way that shows they saw you pour water

Question 32

What are limitations of the three mountains task?

Answer 32

* spatial abilities * memory * verbally demanding

Question 33

concrete operational stage (7-11 years old)

Answer 33

children pass conservation tasks and can think logically about concrete situations

Question 34

What three limitations do children have in the concrete operational stage?

Answer 34

* reasoning limited to tangible objects visibly present in front of them * difficulty with tasks that require mental manipulation * difficulty with thinking and reasoning hypothetically

Question 35

formal operational stage (11+ years old)

Answer 35

become capable of flexible and abstract thought

Question 36

What were some criticisms of Piaget's theory?

Answer 36

* underestimated children's abilities * vague about processes and mechanisms of change * stage model doesn't account for variability of performance * undervalues sociocultural influence

Question 37

In the utero, sounds are ____ pass-filtered, so infants can only perceive ____ frequencies.

Answer 37

low, low